The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

molluscs in the

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( limnic species) and land snails ( terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide.

Names

In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from other families, such as the

Neritidae Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Family (biology), family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive Operculum (gastropod), operculum. MolluscaBase eds. (202 ...

, are sometimes also commonly known as "winkles" because they are small, round snails that occupy a similar ecological niche.

Taxonomy

These

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zool ...

have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): * Subfamily Littorininae

Children A child () is a human being between the stages of childbirth, birth and puberty, or between the Development of the human body, developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking ...

, 1834 – synonyms: Echinininae Rosewater, 1972; Tectariinae Rosewater, 1972; Melaraphidae Starobogatov & Sitnikova, 1983 * Subfamily Lacuninae Gray, 1857 – synonyms: Risellidae Kesteven, 1903; Cremnoconchinae Preston, 1915; Bembiciidae Finlay, 1928. * Subfamily Laevilitorininae Reid, 1989 Genera within the family Littorinidae include: ; Littorininae * ''

Afrolittorina ''Afrolittorina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Afrolittorina'' include: *'' Afrolittorina acutispira'' ( E.A. Smith, 1892) *''Af ...

'' Williams, Reid & Littlewood, 2003 * ''

Austrolittorina ''Austrolittorina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Austrolittorina'' include: * '' Austrolittorina antipodum'' (Philippi, 1847) * ...

'' Rosewater, 1970 * ''

Cenchritis ''Cenchritis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Cenchritis'' include: * ''Cenchritis antonii'' (Phi ...

'' von Martens, 1900 * ''

Echinolittorina ''Echinolittorina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following extant species with valid names are inclu ...

'' Habe, 1956 – synonyms: ''Amerolittorina'' Reid, 2009; ''Fossarilittorina'' Rosewater, 1981; ''Granulilittorina'' Habe & Kosuge, 1966; ''Lineolittorina'' Reid, 2009 * ''

Littoraria ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Re ...

'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 – 39 species * ''

Littorina ''Littorina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.WoRMS (2011). Littorina Férussac, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' Férussac, 1822 – 18 species – type genus * ''

Mainwaringia ''Mainwaringia'' is a genus of sea snails or freshwater snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorini ...

'' Nevill, 1885 * ''

Melarhaphe ''Melarhaphe'' is a monotypic genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Bouchet, P.; Reid, David G. (2012). Melarhaphe Menke, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' Menke, 1828 * ''

Nodilittorina ''Nodilittorina'' is a genus of small sea snails. marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Nodilittorina Martens, 1897. Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...

'' von Martens, 1897 – this genus proved to be polyphyletic and in 2003 was divided into: ** ''

'' – 59 species worldwide ** ''

'' – five species ** ''

'' – four species ** ''

'' s.s. – the monotypic subgenus * ''

Peasiella ''Peasiella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known ...

'' - Nevill, 1885 * ''

Tectarius ''Tectarius'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known a ...

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; ; or ; ) is a communes of France, commune in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced ...

, 1833 – 11 species, its synonym or subgenus includes: '' Echininus'' Clench & Abbott, 1942. ; Lacuninae * '' Bembicium'' Philippi, 1846 * ''

Cremnoconchus ''Cremnoconchus'' is a genus of small freshwater snails, gastropod mollusks in the otherwise marine family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Ga ...

'' Blanford, 1869(file created 29 July 2010
FRESH WATER MOLLUSCAN SPECIES IN INDIA
11 pp. accessed 31 July 2010.Blanford W. T. (1869). "Notes on some Indian and Mascarene Land-Shells". ''

Annals and Magazine of Natural History The ''Journal of Natural History'' is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology. The journal was established in 1841 under the name ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History'' (''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.'') ...

'' (4)3
340
344
page 343
– freshwater snails living in waterfalls.Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". ''

Hydrobiologia ''Hydrobiologia'', ''The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences'', is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing 21 issues per year, for a total of well over 4000 pages per year. ''Hydrobiologia'' publishes original research, reviews and op ...

'' 595: 149–166. . * ''

Lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work **Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves in the ''Codex Regius'' where there ...

'' Turton, 1827 – synonym: ''Aquilonaria'' Dall, 1886 * '' Pellilitorina'' Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 * ''

Risellopsis ''Risellopsis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Risellopsis'' include: * ''Risellopsis mutabilis'' May, 1909 * ''Risellopsis varia ...

'' Kesteven, 1902 ; Laevilitorininae * '' Laevilacunaria'' Powell, 1951 * '' Laevilitorina'' Pfeiffer, 1886 subfamily ? * '' Algamorda'' Dall, 1918 * '' Macquariella''

Finlay Finlay is a masculine given name, and also a surname. The given name is represented in Scottish Gaelic as Fionnlagh. Given name Finlay *Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby player * Finlay Christie (comedian), British comedian * Finlay Christie, Scottis ...

, 1927 (?) * '' Rissolitorina'' Ponder, 1966 ;Synonyms: * ''Corneolitorina'' Powell, 1951: synonym of ''Laevilitorina (Laevilitorina)'' Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 represented as ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Haloconcha'' Dall, 1886 is a synonym for ''

Lacunaria ''Lacunaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ochnaceae native to Central America and tropical South America. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: *''Lacunaria crenata'' (Tul.) A.C.Sm. *''Lacunaria gr ...

'' Dall, 1885 * ''Macquariella'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Rissolittorina'' Ponder, 1966: synonym of ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886

References

* * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Names

Taxonomy

References

Further reading