''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

and

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are ...

s. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can range from 30 to 70 μm in diameter, and has very thick thecal plates.

Morphology

''Peridinium'' is enclosed by cellulose theca and with two

flagellates A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their ...

. The composition of the theca is

laminaribiose Laminaribiose C12H22O11 is a disaccharide which is used notably in the agricultural field and as an antiseptic. It is in general obtained by hydrolysis or by acetolysis In chemistry, solvolysis is a type of nucleophilic substitution (S1/S2) ...

and laminaritriose linking by ''β'' – 1, 4 and ''β'' – 1, 3 linkages. The cell body of ''Peridinium'' is highly polarized and is distinguishable from apical and antapical sides or dorsal and ventral sides. Their theca is divided into epicone and hypocone by the middle region (also called girdle or cingulum). The flagellates have two different directions, one is surrounding the middle region while the other are in the longitudinal groove of hypocone. The chloroplast in ''Peridinium'' is triple membrane, and some plastid-derived organelles like pyrenoid or eyespot also. This provides the evidence that these organelles originated from secondary endosymbiosis. The inner membrane of mitochondrion is tubular. Trichocyst is a specialized organelle in dinoflagellate which help them defense to predators.

Life cycle

''Peridinium'' is a

haplontic In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle or lifecycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state. "The concept is closely related to those of the ...

algae. Most time of ''Peridinium'' are haploid vegetative cells and undergoing asexual or sexual cycle. They only form zygote before dormancy. In asexual cycle, the haploid vegetative cell throws the theca before mitosis and produces two daughter cells by mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosome in their nucleus condenses but the nucleus of endosymbiont doesn’t. After the cleavage furrow starts to separate their nucleus, the nucleus of endosymbiont then passes through the gaps between cleavage furrow and their nucleus. Then the nucleus of endosymbiont was divided by cleavage furrow together. In sexual cycle, they produce gametes as isogamete and the gametes fuse to form planozygotes to get dormancy. After dormancy, the zygote starts to undergo meiosis. The first meiosis produces a two diploid nuclei cell without cytokinesis. An asynchronized nucleus division then occurs in one of the two nuclei. One nucleus undergoing second meiosis before cytokinesis in first meiosis and turns into a trinucleate stage. After it, the cytokinesis of first meiosis is completed, and the trinucleate cell is divided into a diploid nucleus cell and a double haploid nuclei cell. When the cytokinesis of second meiosis is completed, finally, it produces four haploid daughter cells. Overall, ''Peridinium'' dominants in mobile haploid generation. Between spring and summer, the haploid venerative cells produce gametes by mitosis and fuse gametes into a diploid planozygote. The diploid planozygotes then transform into immobile hypnozygotes and deposit to get dormancy in winter. After a year, the hypnozygotes germinate in spring and release haploid vegetative cells.

Ecology

''Peridinium gatunense'' blooms in the Lake Kinneret in Israel which changing the color of the lake is discovered in 1960. The blooming event occurs because the organic mineral is flushed into the sea every year in spring. Organic mineral nourishes the

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...

and increases their population. Thus, the planozygotes of ''Peridinium '' break dormancy and release thousands of vegetative cells into the sea by feeding on diatom. From 1960 to 1996, the annual pattern was regularly peaked at spring in each year. But starting from 1996, the blooming was broken. The break of blooming is related to high temperature, other phytoplanktonic competitor (''Chytrid'' or ''Microcystis''), and human activities in the aquatic system by managing the water flow of the river.

Species

Species include:M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Se66edad67e72e87b ; searched on 19 August 2018. *''

Peridinium abscissum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' O.Zacharias *''

Peridinium achromaticum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Levander *''

Peridinium acutangulum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Lemmermann Lemmermann *''

Peridinium acutum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.Karsten *''

Peridinium adriaticum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' H.Broch *''

Peridinium aequalis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' W.S.Kent *''

Peridinium allorgei ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Lefèvre *''

Peridinium ampulliforme ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.J.F.Wood *'' Peridinium andrzejowskii'' Woloszynska *''

Peridinium annulatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener *''

Peridinium anserinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

Baumeister Baumeister is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alfred Baumeister (1934–2011), American psychologist * Christian Baumeister (born 1971), German cinematographer * Edward Baumeister (1848–1933), American politician ...

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Peridinium aspinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *'' Peridinium assymmetricum'' L.A.Mangin C.E.H.Ostenfeld *''

Peridinium asymmetrica ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' T.H.Abé *'' Peridinium asymmetricum'' G.Karsten *'' Peridinium baliense'' E.R.Lindemann *''

Peridinium basilium ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' W.S.Drugg *'' Peridinium belgicum'' A.Wulff *'' Peridinium bicorne'' L.K.Schmarda *''

Peridinium bidens ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Lemmermann *''

Peridinium bimucronatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' J.Schiller *''

Peridinium bipes ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Stein *''

Peridinium brasiliense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.Borics & I.Grigorszky *''

Peridinium callosum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.H.Jörgensen *''

Peridinium carinatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium caspicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.E.H.Ostenfeld Lemmermann *'' Peridinium castaneiforme'' L.A.Mangin *''

Peridinium cavispinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *''

Peridinium centenniale ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Playfair M.Lefèvre *''

Peridinium chattoni ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' B.Biecheler *''

Peridinium chattonii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Biecheler *'' Peridinium chilophaenum'' Ehrenberg *'' Peridinium chinense'' J.Schiller *''

Peridinium cinctum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' O.F.Müller Ehrenberg - type *''

Peridinium comatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' P.Morgenroth *'' Peridinium complanatum'' A.F.Meunier *'' Peridinium complanatum'' G.Karsten *''

Peridinium corniculum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Kofoid & Michener *''

Peridinium crassipyrum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Balech *''

Peridinium cucumis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.H.Wailes *''

Peridinium cuneatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.C.J.Goor *'' Peridinium cypripedium'' H.J.Clark *''

Peridinium cystiferum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Pavillard *'' Peridinium dakariensis'' P.A.Dangeard *''

Peridinium dalei ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Indel.& Loeblich Balech *''

Peridinium deficiens ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *'' Peridinium delitiense'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium dentatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium diamantum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' D.M.Churchill & W.A.S.Sarjeant *''

Peridinium digitale ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.-H.-G.Pouchet Lemmermann *'' Peridinium diplopsalioides'' A.Henckel *'' Peridinium disciforme'' A.Cleve *'' Peridinium ellipsoideum'' L.A.Mangin *'' Peridinium ellipsoideum'' P.A.Dangeard *''

Peridinium eocenicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' I.C.Cookson & A.Eisenack *''

Peridinium excavatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.W.Martin *''

Peridinium exiguipes ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *'' Peridinium exiguum'' P.T.Cleve *'' Peridinium formosum'' Pavillard *'' Peridinium galeatum'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium garderae ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Balech *''

Peridinium gargantua ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Biecheler *''

Peridinium gatunense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

Nygaard Nygaard, Nygård or Nygard all have a Norwegian, Danish, or Swedish origin and mean "new homestead" or "new farm". It may refer to: People *Nygaard (surname), a list of people with surnames Nygaard, Nygård, or Nygard Places Canada * Nygard Park, ...

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Peridinium geminum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Playfair *''

Peridinium gemma ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.Cleve *''

Peridinium globifera ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' T.H.Abé *''

Peridinium godlewskii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Woloszynska *''

Peridinium goslaviense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Wolszynska *'' Peridinium gracile''

Gran Gran may refer to: People *Grandmother, affectionately known as "gran" * Gran (name) Places * Gran, the historical German name for Esztergom, a city and the primatial metropolitan see of Hungary * Gran, Norway, a municipality in Innlandet coun ...

& Braarud *'' Peridinium gracile''

Meunier Meunier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Christian Meunier (born 1967), French automotive businessman * Claude Meunier (born 1951), Canadian actor and film director * Claude Marie Meunier (1770–1846), French general du ...

*''

Peridinium grani ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.E.H.Ostenfeld *'' Peridinium granispa