''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

and

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does in ...

dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are ...

s. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can range from 30 to 70 μm in diameter, and has very thick

theca In biology, a theca (plural thecae) is a sheath or a covering. Botany In botany, the theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a commo ...

l plates.

Morphology

''Peridinium'' is enclosed by cellulose

and with two

flagellates A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their ...

. The composition of the theca is

laminaribiose Laminaribiose C12H22O11 is a disaccharide which is used notably in the agricultural field and as an antiseptic. It is in general obtained by hydrolysis or by acetolysis In chemistry, solvolysis is a type of nucleophilic substitution (S1/S2) ...

and laminaritriose linking by ''β'' – 1, 4 and ''β'' – 1, 3 linkages. The cell body of ''Peridinium'' is highly polarized and is distinguishable from apical and antapical sides or dorsal and ventral sides. Their theca is divided into epicone and hypocone by the middle region (also called girdle or cingulum). The flagellates have two different directions, one is surrounding the middle region while the other are in the longitudinal groove of hypocone. The chloroplast in ''Peridinium'' is triple membrane, and some plastid-derived organelles like

pyrenoid Pyrenoids are sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. Annu. Rev. Plant Bio ...

or eyespot also. This provides the evidence that these organelles originated from secondary endosymbiosis. The inner membrane of mitochondrion is tubular.

Trichocyst A trichocyst is an organelle found in certain ciliates and dinoflagellates. A trichocyst can be found in tetrahymena ''Tetrahymena'', a unicellular eukaryote, is a genus of free-living ciliates. The genus Tetrahymena is the most widely studie ...

is a specialized organelle in dinoflagellate which help them defense to predators.

Life cycle

''Peridinium'' is a

haplontic In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle or lifecycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state. "The concept is closely related to those of the ...

algae. Most time of ''Peridinium'' are haploid vegetative cells and undergoing asexual or sexual cycle. They only form zygote before dormancy. In asexual cycle, the haploid vegetative cell throws the theca before mitosis and produces two daughter cells by mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosome in their nucleus condenses but the nucleus of endosymbiont doesn’t. After the cleavage furrow starts to separate their nucleus, the nucleus of endosymbiont then passes through the gaps between cleavage furrow and their nucleus. Then the nucleus of endosymbiont was divided by cleavage furrow together. In sexual cycle, they produce gametes as

isogamete Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of the same morphology (indistinguishable in shape and size), found in most unicellular eukaryotes. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or fe ...

and the gametes fuse to form planozygotes to get dormancy. After dormancy, the zygote starts to undergo meiosis. The first meiosis produces a two diploid nuclei cell without cytokinesis. An asynchronized nucleus division then occurs in one of the two nuclei. One nucleus undergoing second meiosis before cytokinesis in first meiosis and turns into a trinucleate stage. After it, the cytokinesis of first meiosis is completed, and the trinucleate cell is divided into a diploid nucleus cell and a double haploid nuclei cell. When the cytokinesis of second meiosis is completed, finally, it produces four haploid daughter cells. Overall, ''Peridinium'' dominants in mobile haploid generation. Between spring and summer, the haploid venerative cells produce gametes by mitosis and fuse gametes into a diploid planozygote. The diploid planozygotes then transform into immobile hypnozygotes and deposit to get dormancy in winter. After a year, the hypnozygotes germinate in spring and release haploid vegetative cells.

Ecology

''Peridinium gatunense'' blooms in the Lake Kinneret in Israel which changing the color of the lake is discovered in 1960. The blooming event occurs because the organic mineral is flushed into the sea every year in spring. Organic mineral nourishes the diatom and increases their population. Thus, the planozygotes of ''Peridinium '' break dormancy and release thousands of vegetative cells into the sea by feeding on diatom. From 1960 to 1996, the annual pattern was regularly peaked at spring in each year. But starting from 1996, the blooming was broken. The break of blooming is related to high temperature, other phytoplanktonic competitor (''Chytrid'' or ''Microcystis''), and human activities in the aquatic system by managing the water flow of the river.

Species

Species include:M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Se66edad67e72e87b ; searched on 19 August 2018. *''

Peridinium abscissum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' O.Zacharias *''

Peridinium achromaticum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Levander *''

Peridinium acutangulum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Lemmermann Lemmermann *''

Peridinium acutum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.Karsten *''

Peridinium adriaticum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' H.Broch *''

Peridinium aequalis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' W.S.Kent *''

Peridinium allorgei ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

Lefèvre Lefèvre is a common family name derived from the original northern French surname Lefebvre. Common variations include Lefevre, LeFevre, Le Fevre, le Fevre, Le Fèvre, le Fèvre, LeFever, Lefevere, Le Fêvre and le Fêvre. Surnames Lefèvre * Lef ...

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Peridinium ampulliforme ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.J.F.Wood *''

Peridinium andrzejowskii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Woloszynska *''

Peridinium annulatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener *''

Peridinium anserinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Baumeister *''

Peridinium aspinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

Peridinium assymmetricum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin C.E.H.Ostenfeld *''

Peridinium asymmetrica ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' T.H.Abé *''

Peridinium asymmetricum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.Karsten *''

Peridinium baliense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.R.Lindemann *''

Peridinium basilium ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' W.S.Drugg *''

Peridinium belgicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' A.Wulff *''

Peridinium bicorne ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.K.Schmarda *''

Peridinium bidens ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Lemmermann *''

Peridinium bimucronatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' J.Schiller *''

Peridinium bipes ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

Stein Stein is a German, Yiddish and Norwegian word meaning "stone" and "pip" or "kernel". It stems from the same Germanic root as the English word stone. It may refer to: Places In Austria * Stein, a neighbourhood of Krems an der Donau, Lower Au ...

*''

Peridinium brasiliense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.Borics & I.Grigorszky *''

Peridinium callosum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.H.Jörgensen *''

Peridinium carinatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium caspicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.E.H.Ostenfeld Lemmermann *''

Peridinium castaneiforme ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *''

Peridinium cavispinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *''

Peridinium centenniale ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Playfair M.Lefèvre *''

Peridinium chattoni ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' B.Biecheler *''

Peridinium chattonii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Biecheler *''

Peridinium chilophaenum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium chinense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' J.Schiller *''

Peridinium cinctum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' O.F.Müller Ehrenberg - type *''

Peridinium comatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' P.Morgenroth *''

Peridinium complanatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

'' G.Karsten *''

Peridinium corniculum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Kofoid & Michener *''

Peridinium crassipyrum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Balech *''

Peridinium cucumis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.H.Wailes *''

Peridinium cuneatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.C.J.Goor *''

Peridinium cypripedium ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' H.J.Clark *''

Peridinium cystiferum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Pavillard *''

Peridinium dakariensis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' P.A.Dangeard *''

Peridinium dalei ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Indel.& Loeblich Balech *''

Peridinium deficiens ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

Peridinium delitiense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium dentatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium diamantum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' D.M.Churchill & W.A.S.Sarjeant *''

Peridinium digitale ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.-H.-G.Pouchet Lemmermann *''

Peridinium diplopsalioides ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.Henckel *''

Peridinium disciforme ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' A.Cleve *''

Peridinium ellipsoideum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *''

'' P.A.Dangeard *''

Peridinium eocenicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' I.C.Cookson & A.Eisenack *''

Peridinium excavatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.W.Martin *''

Peridinium exiguipes ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' L.A.Mangin *''

Peridinium exiguum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' P.T.Cleve *''

Peridinium formosum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Pavillard *''

Peridinium galeatum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium garderae ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Balech *''

Peridinium gargantua ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Biecheler *''

Peridinium gatunense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

Nygaard Nygaard, Nygård or Nygard all have a Norwegian, Danish, or Swedish origin and mean "new homestead" or "new farm". It may refer to: People *Nygaard (surname), a list of people with surnames Nygaard, Nygård, or Nygard Places Canada * Nygard Park, ...

*''

Peridinium geminum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Playfair *''

Peridinium gemma ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.Cleve *''

Peridinium globifera ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' T.H.Abé *''

Peridinium godlewskii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Woloszynska *''

Peridinium goslaviense ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Wolszynska *''

Peridinium gracile ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

Gran Gran may refer to: People *Grandmother, affectionately known as "gran" * Gran (name) Places * Gran, the historical German name for Esztergom, a city and the primatial metropolitan see of Hungary * Gran, Norway, a municipality in Innlandet coun ...

& Braarud *''

Meunier Meunier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Christian Meunier (born 1967), French automotive businessman * Claude Meunier (born 1951), Canadian actor and film director * Claude Marie Meunier (1770–1846), French general d ...

*''

Peridinium grani ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' C.E.H.Ostenfeld *''

Peridinium granisparsum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

Peridinium granulosum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Playfair *''

Peridinium gravidum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

Peridinium grenlandicum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' J.Woloszynska *''

Peridinium gutwinskii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Woloszynska *''

Peridinium gymnodinium ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Pénard

Entz Justus Bulkley Entz (June 16, 1867, New York City – June 8, 1947, New Rochelle, New York) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. He invented the electromagnetic transmission, introduced in the Owen Magnetic of 1915, and was a pioneer ...

*''

Peridinium helix ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Balech *''

Peridinium hemisphaericum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' T.H.Abé *''

Peridinium herbaceum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' F.Schütt *''

Peridinium heteracanthum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, Marine (ocean), marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Per ...

'' P.A.Dangeard *''

Peridinium hirobis ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' T.H.Abé *''

Peridinium horridissimum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium horridum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can r ...

'' V.Hensen *''

Peridinium huberi ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' J.Schiller *''

Peridinium hyalinum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier *''

'' C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener *''

Peridinium illustrans ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' O.C.A.Wetzel *''

Peridinium imperfectum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' G.A.Klebs *''

Peridinium inaequale ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Fauré-Fremiet *''

'' N.Peters *'' Peridinium inclinatum'' Balech *''

Peridinium inconspicuum-contactum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' E.Lindemann F.Ruttner *''

Peridinium inflatiforme ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.Böhm *''

Peridinium intermedium ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.Candeias *''

'' Playfair Playfair *''

Peridinium jensenii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

*''

Peridinium jenzschii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Ehrenberg *''

Peridinium kansanum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' P.Tasch *''

Peridinium karianum ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' A.F.Meunier J.Schiller *''

'' A.Henckel *''

Peridinium karstenii ''Peridinium'' is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. ''Peridinium'' can ra ...

'' Kofoid & Michener *''Peridinium keyense''

*''Peridinium knipowitzschii'' Ussatschew *''Peridinium kofoidii'' Fauré-Fremiet *''Peridinium koma'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium lambdoideum'' E.Nagy *''Peridinium laticeps'' Julius Grøntved, J.Gröntved & G.Seidenfaden *''Peridinium latipyrum'' Balech *''Peridinium lenticulare'' E.H.Jörgensen *''Peridinium lenticulatum'' Fauré-Fremiet *''Peridinium levanderi'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium limbatum'' Alfred Cheatham Stokes, Stokes Lemmermann *''Peridinium lingii'' Kuno Thomasson, Thomasson *''Peridinium lithanthracis'' Ehrenberg Ehrenberg *''Peridinium loeblichii'' E.R.Cox & H.J.Arnott Barrie Dale, Dale *''Peridinium longicollum'' Pavillard *''Peridinium longirostrum'' A.Cleve *''Peridinium longispinum'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium lucina'' Ehrenberg *''Peridinium macrapicatum'' Balech *''Peridinium macrospinum'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium majus'' P.A.Dangeard P.A.Dangeard *''Peridinium manginii'' Carl Hansen Ostenfeld, Ostenfeld *''Peridinium marinum'' E.Lindemann *''Peridinium matzenaueri'' Karen Ringdal Gaarder, K.R.Gaarder *''Peridinium melaphyri'' Jenzsch Ehrenberg *''Peridinium meunieri'' N.Peters *''Peridinium micrapium'' A.F.Meunier *''Peridinium minsculum'' Pavillard *''Peridinium minus'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium minus'' O.W.Paulsen O.W.Paulsen *''Peridinium minusculum'' Pavillard *''Peridinium minutissimum'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium mixtum'' Woloszynska *''Peridinium monacanthum'' Hjalmar Broch, Broch Balech *''Peridinium monoceros'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium morzinense''

*''Peridinium multipunctatum'' Fauré-Fremiet *''Peridinium mutsui'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium nanum'' Balech *''Peridinium nasutum'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium neglectum'' V.Hensen) *''Peridinium nivale'' A.F.Meunier J.Schiller *''Peridinium nodulosum'' C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener *''Peridinium norpacense'' Balech *''Peridinium novum'' Robert Hippolyte Chodat, Chodat *''Peridinium novum'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium nux'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium oamaruense'' Deflandre Josef Schiller, Schiller *''Peridinium obesum'' Lothar Matzenauer, Matzenauer *''Peridinium obliquiforme'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium obliquum'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium obliquum'' P.A.Dangeard *''Peridinium obtusipes'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium oculatum'' Félix Dujardin, Dujardin *''Peridinium oculatum'' Samuel Friedrich Stein, F.Stein J.Woloszynska *''Peridinium okamurae'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium ovale'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium pacificum'' Kofoid & Michener *''Peridinium paleocenicum'' I.C.Cookson & A.Eisenack *''Peridinium parainerme'' Dashu Nie, D.S.Nie & Chia Chi Wang, C.C.Wang *''Peridinium parallelum'' John C. Brock, Brock *''Peridinium parapentagonum'' Chia Chi Wang, Wang *''Peridinium parapyriforme'' J.Hermosilla *''Peridinium peisonis'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium perbreve'' Balech & S.O.Soares *''Peridinium perhorridum'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium perminutum'' A.Cleve *''Peridinium perrieri'' Fauré-Fremiet *''Peridinium persicum'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium petersi'' Balech *''Peridinium pietschmanni'' A.Böhm *''Peridinium pilula'' Carl Hansen Ostenfeld, Ostenfeld Lemmermann *''Peridinium planulum'' J.A.M.Perty *''Peridinium playfairi'' E.Lindemann *''Peridinium playfairii'' E.R.Lindemann *''Peridinium pleum'' P.Tasch *''Peridinium polymorphum'' E.Lindemann *''Peridinium ponticum'' D.Wall & Barrie Dale, B.Dale *''Peridinium porosum'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium pouchetii'' Kofoid & Michener *''Peridinium priscum'' Ehrenberg *''Peridinium privum'' O.E.Imhof *''Peridinium pseudo-intermedium'' Couté & A.Iltis *''Peridinium pseudo-laeve'' M.Lefèvre *''Peridinium pseudoantarcticum'' Balech *''Peridinium pseudograni'' N.Peters *''Peridinium pseudonoctiluca'' C.-H.-G.Pouchet C.-H.-G.Pouchet *''Peridinium pseudopallidum'' N.Peters *''Peridinium pulchellum'' G.Karsten *''Peridinium pulchrum'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium quadricorne'' A.Henckel *''Peridinium quadridentatum'' Samuel Friedrich Stein, F.Stein Gert Hansen *''Peridinium raciborskii'' Woloszynska *''Peridinium rampii'' Balech *''Peridinium resistente'' P.Morgenroth *''Peridinium rhombus'' A.F.Meunier *''Peridinium robustum'' A.F.Meunier *''Peridinium rubrum'' L.S.Cienkowski *''Peridinium saecularis'' George Murray (naturalist), G.Murray & F.G.Whitting C.E.H.Ostenfeld *''Peridinium scallense'' E.Lindemann *''Peridinium schilleri'' A.Böhm *''Peridinium schuettii'' Lemmermann G.Karsten *''Peridinium seebergi'' A.Henckel *''Peridinium sibiricum'' A.Henckel *''Peridinium simplex''

& Braarud *''Peridinium smirnovii'' Skvortzov *''Peridinium sociale'' L.-F.Henneguy B.Biecheler *''Peridinium solidum'' A.Cleve *''Peridinium speciosum'' E.H.Jörgensen *''Peridinium sphaericum'' A.F.Meunier *''Peridinium sphaericum'' George Murray (naturalist), G.Murray & F.G.Whitting *''Peridinium sphaericum'' K.Okamura *''Peridinium spheroidea'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium spheroides'' P.A.Dangeard *''Peridinium spinosum'' J.Schiller *''Peridinium spirale'' Karen Ringdal Gaarder, Gaarder Balech *''Peridinium striatum'' A.Böhm *''Peridinium striolatum'' Playfair *''Peridinium subtatranum'' Woloszynska *''Peridinium sydneyense'' Kuno Thomasson, Thomasson *''Peridinium symmetricum'' Youssef Halim, Halim *''Peridinium tabulatum'' Ehrenberg *''Peridinium tassellatum'' G.Karsten *''Peridinium tenuicorne'' L.A.Mangin *''Peridinium tenuissimum'' C.A.Kofoid *''Peridinium tetraceros'' v. Strampff *''Peridinium thuringiae'' Jenzsch Ehrenberg *''Peridinium toali'' A.Henckel *''Peridinium tomnickii'' J.Woloszynska *''Peridinium treubi'' J.Woloszynska *''Peridinium tricuspis'' O.C.A.Wetzel *''Peridinium tridens'' Ehrenberg *''Peridinium triqueta'' Samuel Friedrich Stein, F.Stein Marie Lebour, Lebour *''Peridinium tristylum'' Samuel Friedrich Stein, F.Stein *''Peridinium truncatum'' O.Zacharias *''Peridinium truncus'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium tsingtaoense'' Dashu Nie, D.S.Nie & Chia Chi Wang, C.C.Wang *''Peridinium uberrimum'' G.J.Allman *''Peridinium uliginosum'' J.Schiller J.Woloszynska *''Peridinium umbo'' L.G.Sjöstedt *''Peridinium umbonatum'' George Karsten, Karsten *''Peridinium venter'' V.Hensen *''Peridinium ventricum'' T.H.Abé *''Peridinium ventriosum'' O.C.A.Wetzel *''Peridinium vexans'' George Murray (naturalist), G.Murray & F.G.Whitting *''Peridinium volkii'' Lemmermann *''Peridinium volzi'' Lemmermann *''Peridinium volzii'' Lemmermann *''Peridinium volzii'' Woloszynska *''Peridinium vorticella'' Samuel Friedrich Stein, F.Stein *''Peridinium wiezejski'' Woloszynska *''Peridinium willei'' Huitfeldt-Kaas *''Peridinium witoslawii'' E.Lindemann *''Peridinium woloszynskae'' W.Conrad *''Peridinium yonedae'' Tohru Hidemiti Abé, Abé

References

Dinoflagellate genera Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg {{dinoflagellate-stub