Perfected Spelling System

Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called (EYD), commonly translated as ''Enhanced Spelling'', ''Perfected Spelling'' or ''Improved Spelling''.

History

The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System (''RSS'', also called the Soewandi Spelling System, ''SSS''). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system. It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.

Characteristics

Republican-to-EYD letter changes

Foreign loan letters

Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.

Q and X

The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. Examples:
* ''Sinar-X'' (X-ray)

The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. Examples:
* ''Quran''
* ''Al-Furqan''
* ''Al-Baqarah''

This letter is also used in some placenames in Indonesia (often derived from the local languages), e.g. and districts in West Kutai Regency, and Baqa, the capital of Samarinda Seberang, Samarinda (all of these examples are located in East Kalimantan).

Affixes and prepositions

The writing of ''di-'' and ''ke-'' (prefixes) can be distinguished from ''di'' and ''ke'' (prepositions), where ''di-'' and ''ke-'' are written together with the words that follow it, for example ''diambil'', ''kehendak'' (taken, desire), while ''di'' and ''ke'' are written separately with the words that follow it, for example ''di rumah'', ''ke pasar'' (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both ''di-'' and ''di'' are written together with the words following it. However, many native speakers often do not follow this orthographic rule, and confuse both morphemes (''di ambil'', ''dirumah'').

Dutch linguist K. Alexander Adelaar viewed that the prefix ''di-'' derives instead from the preposition ''di'', and rejected other etymological theories, such as coming from Old Malay prefix ''ni-''.

Reduplication

Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.

Exceptions

Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see Indonesian names). The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silent ''h'' following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling) and other eccentric letters. However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as or even , deriving from Dutch ''maag''; and pronounced as or also from Dutch ''bus''.

Changes

Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
* On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
* On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes. The update included an optional diacritic for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ and ⟨e⟩ .
* On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial regulation about the spelling system. For the first time, the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ , and ⟨ê⟩ , and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolition of bold letters for lemma entries in its dictionary).
* On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, a new update for the spelling system was issued. It restored the term "Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language" (). Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong ⟨eu⟩ , mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese, reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ⟨ê⟩ , and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.

See also

* New Rumi Spelling
* Republican Spelling System
* Van Ophuijsen Spelling System

References

External links

* {{Url, https://ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id/, Official website for the fifth edition of EYD

Indonesian language
Spelling reform
Latin-script orthographies