Penelope Powell
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Penelope Powell (14 October 1904 - 1 October 1965) was a pioneering
cave diver Cave-diving is underwater diving in water-filled caves. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation, or for the search for and recovery of divers or, as in the 2018 Thai cave rescue, other ...
. She was Diver No. 2 for the first successful cave dive using breathing equipment in Britain at
Wookey Hole Caves Wookey Hole Caves () are a series of limestone caverns, a show cave and tourist attraction in the village of Wookey Hole on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills near Wells in Somerset, England. The River Axe flows through the cave. It is a ...
in the
Mendip Hills The Mendip Hills (commonly called the Mendips) is a range of limestone hills to the south of Bristol and Bath, Somerset, Bath in Somerset, England. Running from Weston-super-Mare and the Bristol Channel in the west to the River Frome, Somerset ...
, Somerset on 18 August 1935. Powell was posthumously entered into the Women Divers Hall of Fame (WDHOF) in 2023.


Personal life

Born Penelope Margaret Hopper to Dr Leonard Bushby Hopper and Mabel Elizabeth Jackson in
Kessingland Kessingland is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk (district), East Suffolk district of the English county of Suffolk. It is located around south of Lowestoft on the east coast of the United Kingdom. It is of interest to archaeologis ...
, Suffolk, she was the eldest of three children. By 1911 the family was living in Cornwall. She was niece to Rev. C. F. Metcalfe, an early explorer of the Mendip caves. In 1927 she moved to Malaysia where she married Reginald Oliver Tyndale-Powell at St. George's Church, Penang. They had two children. She returned to the UK in 1934, where they divorced. She was living in
Priddy Priddy is a village in Somerset, England in the Mendip Hills, close to East Harptree and north-west of Wells, Somerset, Wells. The village lies in a small hollow near the summit of the Mendip range of hills, at an elevation of above sea-leve ...
, Somerset, and working at Wookey Hole Shop and Caves at the time of her cave dive the following year. Subsequently, she worked at Gough's Cave in
Cheddar Gorge Cheddar Gorge is a limestone gorge in the Mendip Hills, near the village of Cheddar, Somerset, England. The gorge is the site of the Cheddar show caves, where Britain's oldest complete human skeleton, Cheddar Man, estimated to be 9,000 years ...
. In 1936 Powell moved to Bristol and married John "Jock" Baxter Wyllie, a
Clifton College Clifton College is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in the city of Bristol in South West England, founded in 1862 and offering both boarding school, boarding and day school for pupils aged 13–18. In its early years, unlike mo ...
housemaster. They had three children. In 1938 the couple set up Tankerton School, a preparatory school for boys and a mixed kindergarten, in Mundon, Essex, where special attention was given to pupils' "health and character". Following this they lived successively in Wareham, Bodmin, Tregiffian and finally Bryher,
Isles of Scilly The Isles of Scilly ( ; ) are a small archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall, England. One of the islands, St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, St Agnes, is over farther south than the most southerly point of the Great Britain, British mainla ...
, where Powell lived until her death from breast cancer in 1965.


Diving career

While working at Wookey Hole, Powell became fascinated with the "archaeological prospects" that were becoming more apparent as a result of advances in diving. She was a strong swimmer and had an "adventurous disposition". She was readily accepted into a newly formed diving group, including leader Graham Balcombe, Frank Frost, Bill Bufton, Bill Tucknott and ‘Digger' Harris, all members of the Mendip Nature Research Society. In 1934 Balcombe and fellow diver,
Jack Sheppard John Sheppard (4 March 1702 – 16 November 1724), nicknamed "Honest Jack", was a notorious English thief and prison escapee of early 18th-century London. Born into a poor family, he was apprenticed as a carpenter, but began committing thef ...
had made a first attempt at exploring Swildon's Hole, the longest cave in the Mendips. However, a lack of proper equipment forced them to find more suitable gear which came in the form of standard Royal Naval diving dress, including copper helmet, airline and pumps, on loan from
Siebe Gorman Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd was a British company that developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and marine salvage projects. The company advertised itself as 'Submarine Engineers'. It was founded by Augu ...
. The following year they engaged an amateur dive team of "similarly minded individuals" including Powell, with the intention of completing the longest cave dive in British history to that date.


Preparation and the main dive

In July 1935 the team learnt to dive at Priddy Pools where there was both sufficient water and privacy. Powell was third in the diving order for the first attempt and remained submerged for 30 minutes. Seven preparatory dives through Wookey Hole, part of which was opened as a show cave in 1927, laid the groundwork for the main dive. In an article published in 1953, Balcombe wrote "In the summer of 1935, by the kindness both of the diving firm who lent us the gear and taught us how to use it and of the cave proprietor who gave us every facility, we were able in a series of weekend operations to acquire experience in working underwater which set our feet along the road to conquest." Balcombe's intention was for the whole team to make the descent, however this quickly became unworkable because of time constraints, so a decision was made to focus on two divers. As team leader, Balcombe was the clear choice for Diver No. 1. However, the other members of the team were all equally game, so the choice of Diver No. 2 was not obvious. Referring to this conundrum, Balcombe wrote, "It was finally decided that the best way was to give the place to the woman of the party, and royally has the choice been justified. Cool, collected, showing no fear, she has carried out every task with an assurance and reliability that none could better." The only difficulty that arose was the ill-fitting suit around her small wrists – the diving suits having been designed to "fit a seaman's wrists". On Sunday 18 August 1935, Powell accompanied Balcombe on what became the world's longest cave dive at that point, a distance of . taking three hours. Of her role, Powell said "My part in the show was really an unimportant one. All I had to do was follow behind Mr Balcombe and see that his guide ropes and air line did not become entangled or caught in the various bends and rocks we had to negotiate in walking along the bed of the river." When Balcombe, who dived first, was asked about Powell's role, he explained, "She has to safeguard me against any accidents or sudden drop as I go forward. I am at the end of our line and am proceeding only with the safeguard of No. 2 Diver." Both divers had microphones fitted in their helmets and the dive was broadcast by the
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
in a programme presented by Francis Worsley. At points there was concern for Powell's safety when she failed to respond to questions. Afterwards she explained that she could not hear on account of the air bubbles, which "drowned the microphone". After returning to the surface she told the BBC "It has been thrilling and I have enjoyed it." Of her dive, Herbert E. Balch, pioneer of modern caving techniques, said "Mrs Powell's willingness to make the journey was the pluckiest adventure I have ever seen undertaken by a woman."


The Log

Powell and Balcombe co-wrote what was to become the first cave-diving book, ''The Log of the Wookey Hole Exploration Expedition: 1935'', with Powell contributing the bulk of the text. It was published by The Cave Diving Group in 1936 with a print run of 175 copies. It has subsequently become a much sought-after document, with copies selling for "several hundred pounds." In the log she described the experience:


See also


Short documentary about Powell's dive, made by Wookey Hole


Further reading

* Farr, Martin ''The Darkness Beckons'' (1980) Pub: Diadem Books * Balcombe, Graham and Powell, Penelope''The Log of the Wookey Hole Exploration Expedition: 1935'' (2009) Pub: The Cave Diving Group


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Powell, Penelope 1904 births 1965 deaths British cavers Cave diving explorers English underwater divers People from Suffolk Women Divers Hall of Fame