Pendejo Cave is a geological feature and archaeological site located in southern
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...
about 20 miles east of
Orogrande. Archaeologist
Richard S. MacNeish claimed that human occupation of the cave pre-dates by tens of thousands of years the
Clovis Culture
The Clovis culture is an archaeological culture from the Paleoindian period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years Before Present (BP). The type site is Blackwater Draw locality No. 1 near Clovis, New Mexico, where stone too ...
, traditionally believed to be one of the oldest if not the oldest culture in the Americas.
Description
Pendejo is a relatively small cave, only 5 meters wide, 12 meters deep, and having a maximum height of 3 meters. It is below the rim of an escarpment, facing north, and about above the canyon floor. The cave is located at an elevation of amidst the sparse desert vegetation of the
Chihuahua Desert. A slightly more
mesic habitat
In ecology, a mesic habitat is a type of habitat with a well-balanced or moderate supply of moisture throughout the growing season (e.g., a mesic forest, temperate hardwood forest, or dry-mesic prairie). The term derives from the Greek ''mesos'' ...
is found at the foot of the cliffs.
Pendejo is a Spanish word and literally means ''"a pubic hair"'', but in Mexico it can also be a vulgar insult to someone's intelligence.
Archaeological history
Pendejo Cave was discovered in 1978, and twelve years later, in early 1990, the first archaeological expedition headed by MacNeish excavated the site. Another excavation occurred one year later, in late winter and early spring of 1991.
Clovis
Clovis may refer to:
People
* Clovis (given name), the early medieval (Frankish) form of the name Louis
** Clovis I (c. 466 – 511), the first king of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler
** Clovis II (c. 634 – c. 657), ...
(c. 11,000 BCE) tools were found in the cave, along with tools from later Native societies. Unifacial shavers, utilized flakes, and other artifacts were uncovered and attributed to various eras, along with several examples of worked bone, including a bone awl made from the scapula of a horse, and a knife made from a rib bone.
MacNeish claimed to have found even earlier
Native American artifacts in the cave. A total of 111 chipped tools was found throughout the formation in three complexes. He estimated the oldest may date back as far as 75,000 years.
According to MacNeish, he found 3 pre-Clovis strata in the cave that he named, from oldest to youngest, the Orogrande, the McGregor, and the North Mesa.
As of 2004, the early dating of the discoveries at Pendejo Cave has been discounted by many archaeologists. Faunal remains in the cave had been dated to possibly as old as 55,000 years, but the manufacture and dating of the chipped stones and other alleged artifacts of human origin was disputed.
[Fiedel, Stuart F. (Autumn 2004) "Reviewed Works: Pendejo Cave", ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 416-417. Downloaded from ]JSTOR
JSTOR ( ; short for ''Journal Storage'') is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994. Originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals, it now encompasses books and other primary source ...
.; "Pendejo Cave", https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/sites/pendejocave.htm, accessed 9 Mar 2017
In 2005, William Farrand, in his review of MacNeish and Libby's 2004 book,
noted the abundance and integrity of the data as provided by the authors. According to Farrand, "it is difficult to avoid accepting the hypothesis of pre-Clovis Paleoamericans in the American Southwest prior to 37,000 or 55,000 B.P."
See also
*
Bluefish Caves
Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada, located southwest of the Vuntut Gwichin community of Old Crow. It has been suggested that human occupation dates to 24,000 years Before Present (BP) based on radiocarbon dating of anim ...
*
Early human migrations
Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by ''Homo erectu ...
*
History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian)
*
Origins of Paleoindians
It is believed that the peopling of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and we ...
*
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, many of which are speculative, propose that visits to the Americas, interactions with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, or both, were made by people from elsewhere prior to Christopher Columb ...
References
External links
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070711190713/http://www.utep.edu/leb/paleo/site62.htm
{{Authority control
Archaeological sites in New Mexico
Caves of New Mexico
Landforms of Otero County, New Mexico
Prehistoric North America
History of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Human migration
History of the Americas
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
Paleo-Indian period
Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas