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Penal is a town in south
Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...
,
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, smaller i ...
. It lies south of
San Fernando San Fernando may refer to: People *Ferdinand III of Castile (c. 1200–1252), called ''San Fernando'' (Spanish) or ''Saint Ferdinand'', King of Castile, León, and Galicia Places Argentina *San Fernando de la Buena Vista, city of Greater Buenos ...
,
Princes Town Princes Town (originally founded as Savana Grande) is a town within an eponymous region, located on south-Central Trinidad island in Trinidad and Tobago. The population of the town is 28,335. History Founded as the Amerindian '' Mission of S ...
, and
Debe Debe (or Débé) is a town in south Trinidad located in the region of Penal–Debe. Debe has grown from a small settlement into a key transit point which as has merged to some extent with Penal. A denomination high school was established by the ...
, and north of
Moruga The village of Moruga lies on the central south coast of Trinidad at the western end of the Trinity Hills. It is in Princes Town region and is served by the Princes Town Regional Corporation. The village is close to Trinidad's oil reserves, and ...
,
Morne Diablo Morne, Morné, Mörne, etc. may refer to: People * Morné (given name) * Morné (surname) * Arvid Mörne (1876-1946), a Finnish author and poet Places * Morne a Chandelle, a village in the Sud-Est department of Haiti * Morne-à-l'Eau, a commun ...
and
Siparia Siparia is a town in southern Trinidad, in Trinidad and Tobago, south of San Fernando, southwest of Penal and Debe and southeast of Fyzabad. History Also called "The Sand City", Siparia was originally a non- Mission Amerindian settlement. ...
. Penal is noted as a heartland of
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
and Indo-Trinidadian culture.


History

Up to the 19th century the area was called Peñeraal by the then
Spanish government The government of Spain () is the central government which leads the executive branch and the General State Administration of the Kingdom of Spain. The Government consists of the Prime Minister and the Ministers; the prime minister has the o ...
. After British colonization it remained uninhabited until the late 19th century to around the early 20th century when former Indian indentured laborers used the cash they received, in lieu of return passage to
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, to buy and develop
crown land Crown land, also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realm ...
, in what is today Penal, for agricultural use by draining the swampy land. They called it Pinjal in
Trinidadian Hindustani Caribbean Hindustani () is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by Indo-Caribbean people and the Indo-Caribbean diaspora. It is a koiné language mainly based on the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialects. These Hindustani dialects were the most-spoken dialects ...
and Pengyal in
Tamil Tamil may refer to: People, culture and language * Tamils, an ethno-linguistic group native to India, Sri Lanka, and some other parts of Asia **Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka ** Myanmar or Burmese Tamils, Tamil people of Ind ...
. The Penal Hindu Mandir was built in 1888 by Bairagi mahants of the
Ramanandi Sampradaya The Ramanandi (), also known as Ramavats (), is one of the largest sects of Vaishnavas. Out of 52 sub-branches of Vaishnavism, divided into four Vaishnava '' sampradayas'', 36 are held by the Ramanandi. The sect mainly emphasizes the worshi ...
from India. The Patiram Trace Shiva Lingam Mandir, a major Hindu pilgrimage site in Trinidad, was established at the turn of the century when a ''swayambhu'' (self-manifested)
Shiva Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
lingam A lingam ( , lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as linga or Shiva linga, is an abstract or Aniconism, aniconic representation of the Hinduism, Hindu Hindu deities, god Shiva in Shaivism. The word ''lingam'' is found in the Up ...
emerged when the land was being cleared. By 1905, a
Canadian Presbyterian Mission Canadian Presbyterian Mission was a Presbyterian Church in Canada missionary society that was involved in sending workers to countries such as Trinidad and Tobago during British rule and China during the late Qing Dynasty, the most famous of which ...
school and church was set up and a
masjid A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were simple p ...
and public cemetery in Batchyia Village were established. Further development came in 1913, when the
Trinidad Government Railway The Trinidad Government Railway existed between 1876 and 28 December 1968. Originally built to connect Port of Spain with Arima, the railway was extended to Couva in 1880, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, San Fernando in 1882, Cunapo (now Sang ...
extended their route further south of
San Fernando San Fernando may refer to: People *Ferdinand III of Castile (c. 1200–1252), called ''San Fernando'' (Spanish) or ''Saint Ferdinand'', King of Castile, León, and Galicia Places Argentina *San Fernando de la Buena Vista, city of Greater Buenos ...
, allowing for agricultural produce from Penal to be transported elsewhere for sale. In the 1930s oil was discovered around Penal, leading to the influx of Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian oil workers from around the country who established a settlement near the half-mile mark of Penal Rock Road. In 1939, a small power plant was built to supply the town with electricity and a dam was built to supply the facility with water. Also in 1939, Sunbeam Cinema was established primarily showing Bollywood films, while the Regent Cinema that came in the 1940s primarily showed
Hollywood films The cinema of the United States, primarily associated with major film studios collectively referred to as Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood, has significantly influenced the global film industry since the early 20th century. Classical Holly ...
. In the 1950s a market was built replacing the makeshift one at Penal Junction. In 1962 Penal broke from the Siparia Parish with the establishment of a
Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
church and school in Penal. A government primary and junior secondary school were later established. Several Hindu and Muslim denominational schools came after. The
Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (; SDMS), colloquially known as the Maha Sabha, is the largest and most influential Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago. It operates 150 mandirs, over 50 schools, and has its own radio station, Radio Jaagriti ...
established the Shiva Boys' Secondary School in 2001. From the 1960s to 1980s, Penal continued to grow, becoming a centre for rice and cocoa production and the nearby oil fields. In 1990, Penal ceased to be part of the Ward of Siparia and became incorporated into the Penal-Debe Regional Corporation. Penal is now a rapidly expanding and developing town, and a major commercial centre and cultural hub of south Trinidad. The population is 12,281.


Government

The communities of Abdool Village, Aquart Village, Backar Yard, Bakhen, Batchyia Village, Boodoo Trace, Clarke Road, Charlo Village, Dil Mohammed/Dabiedial Road, La Costena Gardens, Mendez Village, Digity Village, Katwaroo Trace, Lachoos Road, Laltoo Trace, Mohess Road, Penal Rock-Bunsee Tr. Village, Penal Quinam Road Village, Rochard Road, Sadhoowa, Sou Sou Lands, Suchit Trace, and Syne Village are located in Penal. Penal is administered by the
Penal–Debe Regional Corporation Penal–Debe region is a region of Trinidad. The local government body is Penal–Debe Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 246.91 km². Urban areas within Penal–Debe include ...
. Penal is a part of the Siparia and Oropouche West parliamentary constituencies.


Economy

The heart of Penal contains many businesses while the outskirts focus on agricultural development. Penal has a market, police station, branches of three banks (
Scotiabank The Bank of Nova Scotia (), operating as Scotiabank (), is a Canadian multinational corporation, multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. One of Canada's Big Five (banks), Big Five banks, it is the ...
,
Republic Bank Republic Bank Limited is a Caribbean financial institution headquartered in Trinidad and Tobago. It has operations in Anguilla, Barbados, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. ...
and First Citizens Bank) health facilities, grocery stores, convenience stores, bars,
fast food restaurants A fast-food restaurant, also known as a quick-service restaurant (QSR) within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast food, fast-food cuisine and has minimal Foodservice#Table service, table service. The food served ...
, service stations,
restaurants A restaurant is an establishment that prepares and serves food and drinks to customers. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in app ...
, puja stores, an Indian expo, and clothing stores. Penal plays a major role in the energy supply to the nation's populace.
Petrotrin Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (trading as Petrotrin) was a state-owned oil company in Trinidad and Tobago. Its principal activities were the exploration, development and production of hydrocarbons in addition to the manufactur ...
, the national oil company, has a major sub-unit in Clarke Road and the National Gas Company has gas lines running through Penal that links the gas fields of the South East Coast and the industrial estates. One of the countries three major power generating plants owned by Powergen Ltd is located at Syne Village to the west of Penal.


Sports

The
Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team The Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team is the representative cricket team of the country of Trinidad and Tobago. The team competes under the franchise name, Trinidad and Tobago Red Force in the Cricket West Indies' Professional Cricket L ...
have played matches holding first-class and List A status at the Wilson Road Recreation Ground.


Notable residents

*
Kamla Persad-Bissessar Kamla Susheila Persad-Bissessar Senior Counsel, SC Member of parliament, MP (, born 22 April 1952), often referred to by her initials KPB is a Trinidadian lawyer, politician and educator who has twice served as the sixth List of prime ministers ...
– Seventh Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago *
Drupatee Ramgoonai Drupatee Ramgoonai (; born 2 March 1958) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian chutney and chutney soca musician. She was responsible for coining the term "chutney soca" in 1987 with her first album, entitled ''Chutney Soca'', which included both Englis ...
Chutney A chutney () is a spread typically associated with cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt, or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion ...
and
Chutney Soca In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname, chutney soca music is a Crossover music, crossover style music style that blends Soca music, soca and Calypso music, calypso with chutney music—a genre rooted in Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians ...
singer * David Williams – cricketer


References

{{Reflist Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago