The gens Peducaea, occasionally written Paeducaea or Peducea, was a

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...

family at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

. Members of this

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

occur in history from the end of the second century BC, and from then to the time of

Antoninus Pius Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (; ; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held var ...

, they steadily increased in prominence. The first of the Peducaii to obtain the

consulship The consuls were the highest elected public officials of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC). Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum''an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspire ...

was Titus Peducaeus in 35 BC.Broughton, vol. II, p. 406.

Origin

The gentile-forming suffix occurs in a number of

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

names, many of which seem to be of

Oscan Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian and South Picene. Oscan was spoken by a number of t ...

Umbri The Umbri were an Italic peoples, Italic people of ancient Italy. A region called Umbria still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the Regio VI Umbria, ancient Umbria. Most ancient Umbrian cities were sett ...

an origin, and cognate to the more regular endings ''-eius'' and ''-aius'', both of which were sometimes reduced to ''-ius'' in Latin. The ending seems to be derived from nominative forms ending in ''-aes'', which was typical of the Umbri, as well as the

Paeligni The Paeligni or Peligni were an Italic tribe who lived in the Valle Peligna, in what is now Abruzzo, central Italy. History The Paeligni are first mentioned as a member of a confederacy that included the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, with wh ...

, an Oscan-speaking people.

Praenomina

The main

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

of the Peducaei were '' Sextus'', ''

Titus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September AD 81) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, becoming the first Roman emperor ever to succeed h ...

'', and ''

Lucius Lucius is a masculine given name derived from Lucius (Latin ; ), abbreviated L., one of the small group of common Latin forenames () found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius probably derives from Latin word ( gen. ), meaning "light" (<

'', all of which were common throughout Roman history. There are also several instances of the common praenomina ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

'' and ''

Quintus Quintus is a male given name derived from ''Quintus (praenomen), Quintus'', a common Latin language, Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth". Quintus is ...

''. Other names occur infrequently.

Members

* Sextus Peducaeus,

tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the pow ...

in 113 BC, reopened an investigation into a charge of '' incestum'' (unchastity) made against three of the

Vestal Virgins In Religion in ancient Rome, ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos, priestesses of Vesta (mythology), Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals ...

, who had been acquitted by the

College of Pontiffs The College of Pontiffs (; see ''collegium'') was a body of the ancient Rome, ancient Roman state whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the Religion in ancient Rome, state religion. The college consisted of the ''pontifex maximus'' an ...

. He had

Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla was a Roman politician. He served as consul in 127 BC and censor at the following lustrum in 125 BC. His first recorded office was that of tribune of the plebs in 137 BC. As a tribune of the plebs, h ...

appointed to head the inquiry, which led to the execution of two of the accused. * Titus Peducaeus, named in the ''Fasti Urbisalvienses'' between the consuls and the

censors Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...

of 102 BC, but his magistracy is not preserved. * Sextus Peducaeus, probably

praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...

in 77 BC, and

propraetor In ancient Rome, a promagistrate () was a person who was granted the power via '' prorogation'' to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally ''pro consule'' or ''pro praetore'', that is, in place of a consul or praet ...

Sicilia Sicily (Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy. With 4.7 million inhabitants, including 1. ...

from 76 to 75 BC.

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

served as his

quaestor A quaestor ( , ; ; "investigator") was a public official in ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officia ...

, and speaks highly of his integrity, which he contrasts with the corruption and rapacity of his successor,

Verres Gaius Verres ( 114 – 43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence advo ...

, who had cultivated Peducaeus' friendship. * Sextus Peducaeus Sex. f., a close friend of both Atticus and

. In 48 BC, during the

Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war. He ...

appointed Peducaeus governor of

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...

. He was propraetor in Spain in 40. * Gaius Peducaeus Sex. f., afterward Gaius Curtius Peducaeanus, probably the younger son of the propraetor to whom Cicero was quaestor, was adopted by Gaius Curtius. He was

in 50 BC. * Lucius Peducaeus, assisted in the defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, which Cicero had undertaken, in 54 BC. * Gaius Peducaeus, a

legate Legate may refer to: People * Bartholomew Legate (1575–1611), English martyr * Julie Anne Legate (born 1972), Canadian linguistics professor * William LeGate (born 1994), American entrepreneur Political and religious offices *Legatus, a hig ...

under the consul Gaius Vibius Pansa in 43 BC. He fell at the

Battle of Mutina The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Roman Senate, Senate under consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the forces of Augustus, Caesar Octavian, versus the forces of Mark Antony ...

. * Titus Peducaeus, consul ''suffectus ex Kal. Sept.'' in 35 BC. * Lucius Peducaeus Fronto, a

procurator Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to: * Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency * Procurator (Ancient Rome), the title of var ...

Ephesus Ephesus (; ; ; may ultimately derive from ) was an Ancient Greece, ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, in present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of Apasa, the former Arzawan capital ...

in Asia during the reign of

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

. * Lucius Peducaeus Colo(nus?), ''

praefectus ''Praefectus'', often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) b ...

'' of

Roman Egypt Roman Egypt was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 642. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai. It was bordered by the provinces of Crete and Cyrenaica to the west and Judaea, ...

in AD 70. * Marcus Peducaeus Saenianus, consul ''suffectus ex Kal. Mai.'' in AD 89, served until the Kalends of September.'' Fasti Potentini'', .''PIR'', vol. III, p. 21.Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", p. 191. * Quintus Peducaeus Priscinus, consul in AD 93, from the beginning of the year to the Kalends of March.''Fasti Ostienses'', . * Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus, consul in AD 110, and afterward

proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a Roman consul, consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military ...

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

. * Marcus Peducaeus M. f. Stloga Priscinus, consul in AD 141, and subsequently proconsul of Asia. * Peducaeus Marcianus, served in a company of archers, according to a

military diploma A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service. The diploma ...

dating to AD 160. * Peducaeus Diodorus, named in an inscription from Ostia, dating from AD 165. * Marcus Peducaeus M. f. M. n. Plautius Quintillus, consul in AD 177 with his brother-in-law, the future emperor

Commodus Commodus (; ; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father Marcus Aurelius and then ruling alone from 180. Commodus's sole reign is commonly thought to mark the end o ...

. He was the adopted son of Stloga Priscinus, and exercised tremendous influence over

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the ...

, who at last ordered his death ''circa'' AD 203. * Peducaea, mentioned in an inscription at Amiternum in

Sabinum Sabina (Latin: ''Sabinum''), also called the Sabine Hills, is a region in central Italy. It is named after Sabina, the territory of the ancient Sabines, which was once bordered by Latium to the south, Picenum to the east, ancient Umbria to th ...

. * Peducaea, the wife of Eutyches, buried at Rome.''NSA'', 1922, 421. * Peducaea, buried at

Tibur Tivoli ( ; ; ) is a town and in Lazio, Central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills. The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna. History Gaius Julius Solinus cites Cato ...

Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whic ...

. * Peducaeus, brother of Ateula Malussa, named in an inscription from

Lugdunum Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum, ; modern Lyon, France) was an important Colonia (Roman), Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon, France, Lyon. The Roman city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, but cont ...

. * Peduceus, buried at Albanum in Latium, aged twenty-one.''AlbLaz'', p 66, 22. * Gaius Peducaeus C. f., son of one of the Augustales, buried at Rome. * Lucius Peduceus, named in a funerary inscription from Albanum. * Quintus Peducaeus P. f., an

augur An augur was a priest and official in the ancient Rome, classical Roman world. His main role was the practice of augury, the interpretation of the will of the List of Roman deities, gods by studying events he observed within a predetermined s ...

, named in an inscription from

Spoletium Spoleto (, also , , ; ) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is south of Trevi, north of Terni, southeast of Perugia; southeast of Florence; and north of Rome. Hist ...

in Umbria. * Quintus Peducaeus St. f., named in an inscription from

Nursia Norcia (), traditionally known in English by its Latin name of Nursia (), is a town and comune in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria. Unlike many ancient towns, it is located in a wide plain abutting the Monti Sibillini, a su ...

Samnium Samnium () is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were ''Safinim'' for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and ''Safineis'' for the The language of t ...

.. * Titus Peducaeus, dedicated a monument at

Ravenna Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...

to Appaea Pia. * Titus Peducaeus St. f., named in an inscription from Nursia. * Titus Peducaeus T. l., named in an inscription from Rome. * Sextus Peducaeus Sex. Cn. Petroni l. Anteros, freedman of Sextus and Gnaeus Petronius, buried at Rome. * Lucius Peducaeus Apollinaris, buried at

Sulci Sulci or Sulki (in Greek , Stephanus of Byzantium, Steph. B., Ptolemy, Ptol.; , Strabo; , Pausanias (geographer), Paus.), was one of the most considerable cities of ancient Sardinia, situated in the southwest corner of the island, on a small isla ...

in Sardinia. * Publius Peducaeus Boletanus, buried at

Aquileia Aquileia is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, the city is small ( ...

in the province of

Venetia and Histria Venetia et Histria (Latin: ''Regio X Venetia et Histria'') was an administrative subdivision in the northeast of Roman Italy. It was originally created by Augustus as the tenth ''regio'' in 7 AD alongside the nine other ''regiones''. The region h ...

, aged thirty. * Lucius Peducaeus Charito, husband of Aurunceia Felicula, to whom he dedicated a monument at

Interamna Nahars Terni ( ; ; ) is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria, in Central Italy. It is near the border with Lazio. The city is the capital of the province of Terni, located in the plain of the River Nera. It is northeast of Rome and 8 ...

in Umbria. * Peducaea T. l. Daphne, a freedwoman buried at Rome, was the wife of Titus Peducaeus Faustus.. * Sextus Peducaeus Dio, named in an inscription from Rome. * Sextus Peducaeus Dionysius, a bookseller buried at Rome. * Sextus Peducaeus Dionysius, husband of Baebia Delphis, to whom he dedicated a monument at Tibur. * Peducaea T. Ↄ. l. Epangellusa, freed as a young girl, and buried at Rome, aged ten. * Peducaea Ephire, named in an inscription from

Venusia Venosa ( Lucano: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. It is bounded by the comuni of Barile, Ginestra, Lavello, Maschito, Montemilone, Palazzo San Gervas ...

, dating from the middle of the first century to the middle of the second.. * Sextus Peducaeus Sex. l. Eutyches, a freedman buried at

Mutina Modena (, ; ; ; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It has 184,739 inhabitants as of 2025. A town, and seat of an archbi ...

in northern Italy. * Peducaea Fausta, named in an inscription from Rome, dating to the first century. * Titus Peducaeus T. l. Faustus, a freedman buried at Rome, was the husband of Peducaea Daphne. * Lucius Peducaeus Felix, dedicated a monument at Rome to his sister, Peducaea Tyche.. * Peducaea Festa, according to an inscription from Rome, gave a pot to the singing teacher Gaius Julius Coscus. * Titus Peducaeus T. f. Florus, buried at Rome, aged twenty-one. * Peducaea Fortunata, dedicated a monument at Rome to her son, Gaius Julius Felix, aged six years, ten months, and seven days. * Peducaea Galatia, wife of Titus Paeducaeus Oriens, buried at Ostia.''ZPE'', 81, 237. * Peducaea Graptusa, buried at Rome, aged two years, nine months, and fifteen days. * Sextus Peducaeus Hecticus, named in an inscription from Venusia. * Peducaea Hellas, buried at Rome. * Sextus Peducaeus Sex. f. Herophilus, donated to the cult of

Isis Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom () as one of the main characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her sla ...

and

Serapis Serapis or Sarapis is a Egyptian Greeks, Graeco-Egyptian god. A Religious syncretism, syncretic deity derived from the worship of the Egyptian Osiris and Apis (deity), Apis, Serapis was extensively popularized in the third century BC on the ord ...

at Anticaria in

Hispania Baetica Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) in 27 BC. Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Tarraconensis. Baetica remained one of ...

. * Peducaea Sex. l. Hilara, a freedwoman, built a tomb at Mutina for herself and Sextus Peducaeus Hilarus.. * Sextus Peducaeus Sex. l. Hilarus, buried at Mutina in a tomb built by Peducaea Hilara. * Paeducaeus Ingenuus, buried at Rome. * Peducaea Irene, buried at Rome. * Sextus Peducaeus Jucundus, one of the Augustales, named in an inscription from Venusia. * Lucia Peducaea Juliana, wife of Lucius Nonius Verus, buried at Mutina, aged thirteen years, forty-seven days, having been married five months and twenty days. * Peducaea Lesche, buried at Rome, aged, twenty-two. * Gaius Peducaeus Marcellus, buried at the present site of

Decimoputzu Decimoputzu ( or ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) of about 4,000 inhabitants in the Province of South Sardinia in the Italian region Sardinia, located about northwest of Cagliari. Decimoputzu borders the following municipalities: Decimomannu, Si ...

in Sardinia, aged three years, five months, six days. * Peducaea Musa, buried at Albanum. * Lucius Paeducaeus Natalis,

patron Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, art patronage refers to the support that princes, popes, and other wealthy and influential people ...

of Paeducaea Zmyrina, buried at Rome, aged eighty years, nine months, and twenty days.. * Titus Peducaeus Oriens, the husband of Peducaea Galatia, to whom he dedicated a monument at Ostia. * Peducaea Saturnina, dedicated a monument at Rome to her husband, Lucius Aemilius Cleobulus, buried at Rome, aged forty-four. * Lucius Peducaeus Saturninus, husband of Peducaea Severina, named in an inscription from the

Alban Hills The Alban Hills () are the caldera remains of a quiescent volcanic complex in Italy, located southeast of Rome and about north of Anzio. The high Monte Cavo forms a highly visible peak in the centre of the caldera, but the highest point is ...

.. * Peducaea Severa, named in an inscription from Rome. * Peducaea Severina, wife of Lucius Peducaeus Saturninus, named in an inscription from the Alban Hills. * Titus Peducaeus T. f. Severus, buried at Rome, aged eight. * Peducaea Q. f. Sextia, daughter of Quintus Peducaeus Spes, wife of the

flamen A (plural ''flamines'') was a priest of the ancient Roman religion who was assigned to one of fifteen deities with official cults during the Roman Republic. The most important of these were the three (or "major priests"), who served the importa ...

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

, dedicated a monument at the present site of Choud el Batel, formerly part of Africa Proconsularis, to her son, Longeius.. * Quintus Peducaeus Spes, father of Peducaea, the flamen's wife. * Peducaea Q. f. Tertia, named in an inscription from

Arretium Arezzo ( , ; ) is a city and ''comune'' in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about southeast of Florence at an elevation of above sea level. As of 2022, the population was about 97,000. Kn ...

in Etruria.. * Peducaea Tyche, sister of Lucius Peducaeus Felix, buried at Rome, aged twenty-six years, sixteen days. * Paeducaea Zmyrina, client of Lucius Paeducaeus Natalis, to whom she dedicated a monument at Rome.

Footnotes

References

{{reflist, 30em

Bibliography

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

, '' De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum'', ''

De Natura Deorum ''De Natura Deorum'' (''On the Nature of the Gods'') is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books that discuss the theological views of the Hellenistic philosophies of ...

'', ''

Epistulae ad Atticum ''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's oth ...

'', ''

Epistulae ad Familiares ''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Ancient Rome, Roman politician and orator Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together wit ...

'', ''

In Verrem "''In Verrem''" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedil ...

'', ''Post Reditum in Senatu'', ''Pro Flacco''. *

Quintus Asconius Pedianus Quintus Asconius Pedianus (9 BC – AD 76) was a Roman rhetorician from Patavium. There is no evidence that Asconius engaged in a public career, but his familiarity with the politics and geography of contemporary Rome suggests that he may hav ...

, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis

Pro Milone ''Pro Tito Annio Milone ad iudicem oratio'' (or ''Pro Milone'') is a speech made by Marcus Tullius Cicero in 52 BC on behalf of his friend Titus Annius Milo. Milo was accused of murdering his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Via App ...

'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Milone''), ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Scauro''). * Appianus Alexandrinus (

Appian Appian of Alexandria (; ; ; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. He was born c. 95 in Alexandria. After holding the senior offices in the pr ...

), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War). * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. * Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, ''

Historia Augusta The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, Caesar (title), designated heirs and Roman usurper, usurpers from 117 to 284. S ...

'' (Augustan History). * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' is a biographical dictionary of classical antiquity, edited by William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith and originally published in London by John Taylor (English publisher), Tayl ...

'',

William Smith William, Willie, Will, Bill, or Billy Smith may refer to: Academics * William Smith (Master of Clare College, Cambridge) (1556–1615), English academic * William Smith (antiquary) (c. 1653–1735), English antiquary and historian of University C ...

, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * ''Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità'' (News of Excavations from Antiquity, abbreviated ''NSA''), Accademia dei Lincei (1876–present). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''

L'Année épigraphique ''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy a ...

'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * Paul von Rohden,

Elimar Klebs Elimar Klebs (15 October 1852 – 16 May 1918) was a German historian of ancient history. He was the brother of botanist Georg Klebs. Biography Klebs was born in Braunsberg (Braniewo), Prussia. He studied in Berlin under Theodor Mommsen ...

, &

Hermann Dessau Hermann Dessau (6 April 1856, Frankfurt am Main – 12 April 1931, Berlin) was a German ancient historian and epigrapher. He is noted for a key work of textual criticism published in 1889 on the ''Historia Augusta'', which uncovered reasons to ...

, ''

Prosopographia Imperii Romani The ', abbreviated ''PIR'', is a collective historical work to establish the prosopography of high-profile people from the Roman Empire. The time period covered extends from the Battle of Actium in 31 BC to the reign of Diocletian. The final volum ...

'' (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated ''PIR''), Berlin (1898). * George D. Hadzsits, ''Classical Studies in Honor of John C. Rolfe'', University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia (1931). * Alberto Galieti, ''Contributi alla storia della diocesi suburbicaria di Albano Laziale'' (Contributions to the History of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano Laziale, abbreviated ''AlbLaz''), Vatican City (1948). * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). * Paul A. Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981). * ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy, abbreviated ''ZPE''), (1987). Roman gentes

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