Pedro Arrupe y Gondra, (14 November 1907 – 5 February 1991) was a
Spanish Catholic priest who served as the 28th
superior general of the Society of Jesus from 1965 to 1983.
He has been called a second founder of the
Society
A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. ...
, which he led in the implementation of the
Second Vatican Council, especially with regard to faith that does justice and
preferential option for the poor.
Born in 1907 in
Bilbao
Bilbao is a city in northern Spain, the largest city in the Provinces of Spain, province of Biscay and in the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country as a whole. It is also the largest city proper in northern Spain. Bilbao is the List o ...
, Arrupe joined the Jesuits in 1927 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1936. While serving as a novice master outside
Hiroshima
is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui has b ...
in 1945, Arrupe used his medical background as a first responder to the
atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
In 1983, paralysis from a stroke caused Arrupe to resign from office. He lived on until 1991, when he died in the local Jesuit infirmary.
His cause for sainthood was opened by the Jesuits and the
Diocese of Rome in 2018.
Education and training
Arrupe attended school at the Santiago Apostol High School in
Bilbao
Bilbao is a city in northern Spain, the largest city in the Provinces of Spain, province of Biscay and in the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country as a whole. It is also the largest city proper in northern Spain. Bilbao is the List o ...
. In 1923, he moved to
Madrid
Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
to attend the Medical School of the
Universidad Complutense. There he met
Severo Ochoa, who later won the
Nobel Prize in Medicine. One of his teachers was
Juan Negrín, a pioneer in physiology, who would become
Prime Minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
of the
Spanish Republic during the
Civil War
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
(1936–1939). Arrupe received the top prize in the first year anatomy course.
In 1926, Arrupe's father died. That summer he went on a pilgrimage to
Lourdes with his four sisters. He later recounted his experience there in conversations with Jean-Claude Dietsch, S.J.
::"For me Lourdes is the city of miracles. I stayed there for some three months. Being a medical student, I obtained permission to observe the work of the Office of Verification
f Miracles I was, thus, the witness of three miraculous cures from the very moment they took place in the midst of the faithful who were praying to the
Virgin Mary
Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity ...
, and then on through the medical verification that was carried out by the doctors who were atheists. This impressed me very much, because I had often heard my professors in Madrid, who also were atheists, speak of the "superstitions of Lourdes." There was born my vocation, in that atmosphere of both simplicity and grandeur at the feet of the Virgin Mary, midst the noisy insistent prayer of the pilgrims and the sweet murmurings of the river Gave."
Subsequent to these gathered findings, Arrupe decided not continue his medical studies. On 15 January 1927, he joined the
Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 ...
.
He was unable to pursue his studies for the
priesthood in Spain because the Jesuits had been expelled by the
Spanish Republican government (1931–1939), so he pursued his studies in the Netherlands and Belgium and at
Saint Louis University School of Divinity in
St. Marys, Kansas, where he was ordained in 1936. Arrupe then completed a doctorate in
Medical Ethics.
Assignment in Hiroshima, Japan
After his doctorate, Arrupe was sent to work as a missionary in Japan. His early years as missionary were very frustrating for him, with few Japanese converts. The surprise Japanese
attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, widened the war. On 8 December Arrupe was celebrating Mass when Japanese authorities arrested and imprisoned him, on suspicion he was a spy. He expected to be executed. On Christmas Eve, Arrupe heard people gathering outside his cell door and he presumed he was about to be executed. However, the gathering was of fellow
Catholics who had come to sing
Christmas carols to him. Arrupe recalled that he burst into tears.
Authorities subsequently released him, deciding he was no threat. He remained in Japan was appointed Jesuit superior and
novice in 1942.
Arrupe was living in suburban
Hiroshima
is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui has b ...
when the
when Americans dropped the atomic bomb in August 1945. He was one of eight Jesuits who were within the blast zone of the bomb. All eight survived the destruction, protected by a
hillock which separated the
novitiate from the center of Hiroshima. Arrupe described that event as "a permanent experience outside of history, engraved on my memory."
[Arrupe Formation Centre website: Arrupe](_blank)
/ref> Arrupe used his medical skills to help the wounded and the dying. The Jesuit novitiate was converted into a makeshift hospital, where between 150 and 200 people received care. Arrupe recalled, "The chapel, half destroyed, was overflowing with the wounded, who were lying on the floor very near to one another, suffering terribly, twisted with pain."
In 1958, Arrupe was appointed the first Jesuit provincial for Japan, a position he held until being elected Father General in 1965.
Prior to being elected Father General, Arrupe visited Latin America, where he saw the region's extreme inequality. The strength of faith among the poor deeply impressed him.
Superior General
At the thirty-first General Congregation of the Society of Jesus in 1965, Arrupe was elected twenty-eighth Superior General of the Jesuits, and served in that post until 1983. He was the second Basque
Basque may refer to:
* Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France
* Basque language, their language
Places
* Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France
* Basque Country (autonomous co ...
to be Father General, the first being the founder Ignatius of Loyola himself. Jesuit Vincent O'Keefe, a friend and advisor to Arrupe, said Arrupe was "a second Ignatius of Loyola, a refounder of the Society in the light of Vatican II." At his election, Moscow Radio spoke of an unusual man who would bring the Society of Jesus to its powers of the past.
After the changes following Vatican II
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or , was the 21st and most recent Catholic ecumenical councils, ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. The council met each autumn from 1962 to 1965 in St. Peter's Basilic ...
(1962–1965), there was tension within the Society as to how the life of a Jesuit was to be lived. While some religious groups in the Catholic church
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
have limits on the works they take on, the Society of Jesus encourages its members to follow their interest and talents and the needs of the times into a whole range of ministries – as theologians, missionaries, retreat directors, teachers, artists, writers, musicians, counselors, scientists, and pastors – to bring glory to God in all areas of human endeavor. This is in line with the crowning contemplation of Ignatius' Spiritual Exercises through which Jesuits learn to find God in all things (#236). As Arrupe's biographer said of him, he "saw the hand of God in everything."
Arrupe warned of repeating the answers of yesterday for tomorrow's problems, saying: "If we speak a language no longer appropriate to the hearts of people, we speak only to ourselves because no one will listen to us or try to understand what we say." Arrupe was "hailed as a prophet of our time", not unlike Jesuit Pope Francis
Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936 – 21 April 2025) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 13 March 2013 until Death and funeral of Pope Francis, his death in 2025. He was the fi ...
, who was undertaking theological studies, learning, when Arrupe became Superior General and began speaking his "prophetic" words. The Union of Superior Generals of religious, seeing Arrupe as the right man for our time, elected him five times as their president.
Faith and justice
In an address to Jesuit alumni in 1973, Arrupe coined the phrase "men for others" which has become a theme for Jesuit education worldwide, educating students to be "men and women for others".
At the thirty-second General Congregation which convened in 1975, Arrupe's dream of working for the poor was crystallised in the document "Our Mission Today: the Service of Faith and the Promotion of Justice." It stated: "Our faith in Jesus Christ and our mission to proclaim the Gospel demand of us a commitment to promote justice and enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."[John Carroll University: About Pedro Arrupe](_blank)
Thus, the decree basically defined all the work of the Jesuits as having an essential focus on the promotion of social justice as well as the Catholic
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
faith. Arrupe was keenly aware that in the political climate of the 1970s, the Jesuits’ commitment to working for social justice would bring great hardship and suffering, particularly in those Latin American countries ruled by military juntas.[Boston College Website: Arrupe](_blank)
In a speech to European educators Arrupe made it clear where he stood on matters of faith and justice, saying: "I take very seriously the words of Gandhi, 'I love Christ but I despise Christians because they do not live as Christ lived.' Without a doubt Christian love of neighbor entails a duty to care for the wounds of those that have fallen victim to robbers and are left bleeding by the wayside." In the late 1960s and into the 1980s some theologians in Latin America became increasingly involved in the political sphere, adopting Marxist
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...
rhetoric. Many Jesuits were at the forefront of the movement which was called liberation theology and concentrated on seeing Christ as the liberator not only from sin but from all forms of oppression. In its extreme manifestations, liberation theology seemed to subordinate the message of the Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message w ...
to political revolution, with a wholesale acceptance of Marxism. But Arrupe's strong support for relieving the burden of the poor in Latin America enables one to see his "cautionary statements about liberation theology, as efforts to impose self-discipline to fend off more severe sanctions from outside the order."
A cause worth dying for
On 20 June 1977 the White Warriors Union death squad threatened to kill all 47 Jesuits serving in El Salvador
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is S ...
unless they abandoned their work with the poor and left the country within a month. After consulting with the Jesuit community in El Salvador, Arrupe replied "They may end up as martyrs, but my priests are not going to leave because they are with the people." A few months earlier, Jesuit Rutilio Grande, a proponent of liberation theology, was assassinated in El Salvador. On 16 November 1989, six Jesuits (Ignacio Ellacuría
Ignacio Ellacuría (November 9, 1930 – November 16, 1989) was a Spanish-Salvadoran Jesuit, philosopher, and theology, theologian who worked as a professor and Rector (academia), rector at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Ca� ...
, Armando Lopez, Joaquin Lopez y Lopez, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Segundo Montes and Juan Ramon Moreno, along with their housekeeper (Julia Elba Ramos) and her daughter (Celina), would be murdered at the Jesuit University of Central America. Others also suffered martyr
A martyr (, ''mártys'', 'witness' Word stem, stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In ...
dom: the chief bishop in El Salvador Archbishop Óscar Romero (who, in keeping with his longstanding commitment to Catholic social teaching, became increasingly concerned with the plight of the poor and marginalized) was gunned down whilst celebrating the Eucharist on 24 March 1980. Lay missionary Jean Donovan, Ursuline sister Dorothy Kazel and Maryknoll sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford were beaten, raped and murdered by non-uniformed members of the Salvadoran National Guard on 2 December 1980. They joined some 75,000 Salvadorans who were killed during this troubled period. All the while, Arrupe continued to support and pray for those people who were willing to lay down their lives to help the poor initiate change.
Jesuit Refugee Service
Touched by the plight of the " Vietnamese boat people" in 1979, Pedro Arrupe sent cable messages to some 20 Jesuit major superiors throughout the world sharing his distress at the suffering of these people. He asked them what they could do to help bring relief to refugees and displaced persons in their own regions. He received a positive response, with numerous offers of personnel, medicine, and funding. The following year in 1980, Arrupe founded the Jesuit Refugee Service to coordinate the Society's refugee work. In a speech launching the service he said "Saint Ignatius called us to go anywhere where we are most needed for the greater glory of God. The spiritual as well as the material need of more than 16 million refugees throughout the world today could scarcely be greater. God is calling us through these helpless people." In 2017, JRS listed 47 countries where its 10 regional offices were currently serving nearly 950,000 individuals. Over the years JRS had served an estimated 40 million refugees.
Later life
On 7 August 1981, after a long and tiring trip throughout the Far East
The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including North Asia, North, East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term. In mod ...
, Arrupe suffered a stroke just after his plane landed at Rome's Fiumicino Airport. He was paralysed on his right side and was able to speak only a few words. This ability gradually deteriorated until he was completely mute. From that time on he lived in the infirmary at the Jesuit headquarters in Rome. He then became the first-ever Jesuit superior general to resign. Pope John Paul II appointed Paolo Dezza as his personal delegate and interim Father General of the Society, passing over Arrupe's own choice (his vicar general). Many Jesuits saw this as an unwarranted papal interference in Jesuit affairs. For his part, Arrupe never expressed any disagreement or resentment. Jesuit disobedience to the pope that was expected by some at the Roman Curia never came about. With new respect for the Jesuits, Pope John Paul allowed Dezza to call the thirty-third General Congregation and elect a successor to Arrupe, whose resignation was accepted on 3 September 1983 during the Congregation. He was succeeded by Peter Hans Kolvenbach. During the opening Session of the Congregation, Arrupe was wheeled into the hall, and a prayer which he had written was read aloud:
During his ten years in the infirmary, Arrupe received many and frequent well-wishers, including Pope John Paul II. Arrupe had earlier expressed what some regard as the key to his life: "Nowadays the world does not need words but lives that cannot be explained except through faith and love for Christ's poor."
Death and burial
Arrupe died at 7:45pm on 5 February 1991, the anniversary of the 26 Martyrs of Japan. His final words had been: "For the present, Amen; for the future, Alleluia."
His funeral was held in the Church of the Gesu, Rome, on February 9 and was attended by crowds that filled the piazza outside the church. Also in attendance were 10 cardinals, 20 bishops, Giulio Andreotti (the Prime Minister of Italy
The prime minister of Italy, officially the president of the Council of Ministers (), is the head of government of the Italy, Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Co ...
), as well as other religious and civil dignitaries. His body, first interred in the Jesuit mausoleum at Campo Verano, was brought back into the Church of the Gesù where it currently lies in a side chapel.
Beatification process
On 11 July 2018, the Father General of the Society of Jesus, Arturo Sosa, announced the beginning of Arrupe's beatification process by the Diocese of Rome. On 14 November 2018, a website was established with testimonials and archival material on his life. On 14 November 2024, Cardinal-elect Baldassare Reina presided over the diocesan tribunal's termination of its inquiry at the Lateran Palace. The Dicastery for the Causes of Saints will next determine whether Arrupe should be declared '' Venerable''.
Memorials
Numerous Jesuit buildings, schools, communities, institutions, and programs have been named after Pedro Arrupe. They include:
*The Colégio de Pedro Arrupe, a private school in Portugal dedicated to Arrupe which opened in 2009.
*The Sports hall in Wimbledon College, London.
*The Pedro Arrupe Center for Business Ethics at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
*A residence hall at the University of San Francisco
*Arrupe Hall at Fairfield College Preparatory School, Connecticut
Connecticut ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. ...
*The Fr. Pedro Arrupe Campus Ministry Center at Fairfield University
*The main auditorium at the ITESO
''ITESO, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara'' — distinct from the University of Guadalajara — also known as ''Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, ITESO'' (Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education), is a ...
, a Jesuit university in Guadalajara
Guadalajara ( ; ) is the capital and the most populous city in the western Mexican List of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco, as well as the most densely populated municipality in Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population ...
, Mexico
* Arrupe Jesuit High School, Denver
Denver ( ) is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county, consolidated city and county, the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous city of the U.S. state of ...
, Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States. It is one of the Mountain states, sharing the Four Corners region with Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. It is also bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas ...
*The middle school of Boston College High School, was named the "Arrupe Division" in 2007.
* Arrupe Jesuit University – AJU Harare
Harare ( ), formerly Salisbury, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Zimbabwe. The city proper has an area of , a population of 1,849,600 as of the 2022 Zimbabwe census, 2022 census and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metrop ...
, Zimbabwe
file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...
*A Jesuit Volunteer Corps house in Santa Clara, California
Santa Clara ( ; Spanish language, Spanish for "Clare of Assisi, Saint Clare") is a city in Santa Clara County, California. The city's population was 127,647 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of cities and towns i ...
, is named Casa Pedro Arrupe
*A school in the Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
, the Pedro Arrupe Academy.
*The neighbourhood partnership program named the Arrupe House at Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland, Ohio
*The "Arrupe Scholars" scholarship program at John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio
* A building in Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, Colombia
* A class taken by Seniors at Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha ( ) is the List of cities in Nebraska, most populous city in the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is located in the Midwestern United States along the Missouri River, about north of the mouth of the Platte River. The nation's List of United S ...
, called the "Arrupe Experience Service Class" where the students make service trips every other day to local schools
*The Fr. Pedro Arrupe S.J. Office of Faith and Justice serves the students of Brophy College Preparatory by organizing service trips, immersion experiences, retreats, the annual Summit on Human Dignity, and much more.
* Arrupe College of Loyola University Chicago's Water Tower Campus is a 2-year college designed to serve underrepresented and underserved students. On their Lake Shore Campus, one of the Jesuit Community Houses is named Arrupe House, but has no direct tie to Arrupe College.
* Jesuit High School in Portland, Oregon
Portland ( ) is the List of cities in Oregon, most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated close to northwest Oregon at the confluence of the Willamette River, Willamette and Columbia River, ...
has its History, English and Library building named after Pedro Arrupe.
*A residence hall at Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
*A building in the Saint Louis University, Madrid Campus, called Padre Arrupe Hall
*The Arrupe Office of Social Formation of the Ateneo de Davao University, Davao City, Philippines
*A building on the campus of Rockhurst University in Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri, abbreviated KC or KCMO, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by List of cities in Missouri, population and area. The city lies within Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson, Clay County, Missouri, Clay, and Pl ...
, called Pedro Arrupe, SJ, Hall which opened in 2015
*A residence hall at Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private university, private Jesuit research university in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic higher education, Ca ...
in Washington, D.C., called Pedro Arrupe, S.J. Hall, which was opened in August 2016
*Arrupe International Residence at the Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
* The Pedro Arrupe Footbridge in Bilbao, Spain links the Guggenheim museum to the University of Deusto.
*Pedro Arrupe Human Rights Institute, an academic institution attached to the University of Deusto in Bilbao
*Arrupe Etxea, a civilian foundation initially covering all the social and pastoral activity of the jesuits in Bilbao and, since 2014, also San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz (; ; also historically spelled Vittoria in English) is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country and of the provinces of Spain, province of Álava in northern Spain. I ...
and Pamplona
*The Pedro Arrupe Centre, a multipurpose hall, and The Arrupe Building, a block of classrooms, at Jesuit school St. Aloysius' College, in Sydney
Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...
, Australia
*Arrupe Hall at Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
*Pedro Arrupe Auditorium at Carlos Pereyra School, Torreón, Mexico
*Arrupe Global Scholars Program, an MD-MPH combined degree program at the Creighton University School of Medicine, for students dedicated to global health
*Arrupe library at St Joseph's college Tiruchirappalli
*FACES: Father edroArrupe Centre for Ecology and Sustainability, at XLRI – Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur, India, the first B-School in India, founded in 1949
*ATCC: Arrupe Tribal Cultural Centre, Bhognadih, Sahebganj Dt, Jharkhand State, India.
Gallery
File:Loyolaschoolsjf2057 05.JPG, Arrupe International Residence at Ateneo de Manila University
File:Loyolaschoolsjf2057 08.JPG, Entrance to Residence at Ateneo
File:Arrupe Hall cut.png, Pedro Arrupe, S.J., Hall, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri, abbreviated KC or KCMO, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by List of cities in Missouri, population and area. The city lies within Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson, Clay County, Missouri, Clay, and Pl ...
, USA
File:Auditorio Pedro Arrupe.jpg, Arrupe Auditorio, Instituto Tecnológico, Guadalajara, Mexico
References
Further reading
*Lamet, Pedro Miguel (2020).
Pedro Arrupe: Witness of the Twentieth Century, Prophet of the Twenty-First
'. Chestnut Hill, MA: Institute of Jesuit Sources.
External links
Official website
authored by Pedro Arrupe
* The Arrupe Collection at the Portal to Jesuit Studies, consisting speeches, letters, and interviews by Arrupe, is available at https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/documents/the-arrupe-collection/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrupe, Pedro
1907 births
1991 deaths
People from Bilbao
Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
20th-century Spanish Jesuits
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Academic staff of the University of Deusto
Hibakusha
Spanish Servants of God
Basque Jesuits