Pederneiras is a

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

in the state of

São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

. The population is 47,111 (2020 est.) in an area of 729 km². The elevation is 475 m above

sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an mean, average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal Body of water, bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical ...

History

Starting from 1842, small villages were established in the area of the

Tietê River The Tietê River ( ) is a Brazilian river in the state of São Paulo. The first known use of the name Tietê was on a map published in 1748 by d’Anville. The name means "truthful river", or "truthful waters”, in Tupi. The Tietê River i ...

. In 1848 Manoel dos Santos Simões and his two sons, Manuel Leonel dos Santos and João Leonel dos Santos, established a farm in the parish of

Botucatu Botucatu is a city in the southeastern region of Brazil and is located from São Paulo, the capital of the state of São Paulo. It has an estimated population of 148,130 (as of 2020) in an area of . It lies on the top of a plateau ( high). Botuca ...

. They named the farm ''Pederneiras'' after the large amount of

flint Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start ...

stone in the area. In 1865, the settlement became part of the municipality of

Lençóis Paulista Lençóis Paulista is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the Central West region of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. The population is 68,990 (2020 est.) in an area of 810 km². The elevation is 550 m. It is home of the l ...

. Four years later it became a parish with the name ''São Sebastião de Alegria''. Coffee plantations led to growth of the settlement, and in 1891 it became a separate municipality. In 1895, the town's name was changed back into "Pederneiras". Most of the residents from Pederneiras used to complain because they had to cross long distances to solve their Judicial matters in Lençóis Paulista only (another municipality located around 35 km distance), due to the Judicial district was settled there. Trying to soften the problem, they changed it from Lençóis Paulista to Jaú (a closer municipality located around 25 km distance) in 1895. Only in 1928 they set the own Judicial district in Pederneiras Town. The birthday of the municipality is featured by the festival called Nations's Fair, where it is possible to find different kind of shows and different kind of dishes from different nationalities. Politics in the city is clearly separated into two political party: ''PV'' and ''PSDB'', the first represented by the Green colour and the other one represented by the Red colour.

Geography

Location: Pederneiras''Translation from the Portuguese Wikipedia version of Pederneiras.'' municipality is exactly located in the geographic centre of São Paulo state. It borders the following municipalities: Arealva and Bariri to the north; Boracéia, Itapuí and

Jaú Jaú is a city and municipality in the center of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, in Brazil. The population is 151,881 (2020 est.) in an area of . The elevation is . The city takes its name from the native fish species ''Gilded catfish ...

to the east;

and Macatuba to the south;

Agudos Agudos is a Brazilian municipality located in the west-central part of the state of São Paulo. The population is 37,401 (2020 est.) in an area of 966 km2. Distance from the capital is 330 km and is accessed by the Rodovia Marechal Rondo ...

and Bauru to the west. Districts: It has three different districts: Guaianás (west); Vanglória (south); Santelmo (north). Soil: The soil of this place is formed by the ''Bauru sandstone'' and by an excellent variety of productive ''massapé'' zones. Vegetation: The quantity of reserves of the native vegetation is very little. There is the replanting of

pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. ''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as cu ...

and

eucalyptus ''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. Most species of ''Eucalyptus'' are trees, often Mallee (habit), mallees, and a few are shrubs. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalyp ...

. About 70% of the rural area soil is used for sugarcane plantation and pastures for the cattle. Climate: Summer is hot and in humid whereas, winter is dry. Annual temperature goes from 16 °C (60 °F) to 34 °C (94 °F).

Demography

Total

population Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...

: 45.000^{Census IBGE 2010} * Urban: 38,592 * Rural: 2,905 * Men: 20,861 * Women: 20,636

Population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...

(people per km²): 56.92

Child mortality Child mortality is the death of children under the age of five. The child mortality rate (also under-five mortality rate) refers to the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. It encompa ...

(children under the age of one): 15.51‰

Life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is ''life expectancy at birth'' (LEB, or in demographic notation ''e''0, where '' ...

(years): 71.41

Fertility rate The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were t ...

: 2.51

Literacy rate Literacy is the ability to read and write, while illiteracy refers to an inability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was ...

: 89.90%

Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, Education Index, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income i ...

(HDI): 0.780

Hydrography

* ''Bauru'' river * ''Veado'' streamlet * ''Água Limpa'' streamlet * ''Patos'' streamlet * ''Pederneiras'' rivulet - in the urban area * ''Monjolo'' rivulet - in the urban area

Highways/Roads

* SP-225: ''Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros'' * SP-261: ''César Augusto Sgavioli'' * SP-261: ''Osni Mateus'' * Another roads which connects the town with the districts.

Economy

The economy of the town is diversified, most of the agriculture is based on

sugarcane Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fib ...

and the citriculture is expanding. Pederneiras is developing on metallurgical and mechanical industries, it started when

Volvo The Volvo Group (; legally Aktiebolaget Volvo, shortened to AB Volvo, stylized as VOLVO) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing corporation headquartered in Gothenburg. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of truck ...

industry settled in the town in 1974. After this, other medium and small companies started to settle in the town. An important industry is ''Pedertractor'', which is responsible for the manufacturing of truck and tractor parts (Volvo, Caterpillar, Case) like:

electric motor An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a electromagnetic coil, wire winding to gene ...

s, rotors,

stator The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system, found in electric generators, electric motors, sirens, mud motors, or biological rotors (such as bacterial flagella or ATP synthase). Energy flows through a stator to or from the rotat ...

s. In May, 2006, the large Japanese Ajinomoto company had also settled, which is making use of the large quantity of sugarcane material available to produce

enzyme An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...

s to export.

Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by

Companhia Telefônica Brasileira Companhia Telefônica Brasileira (CTB) was a Brazilian fixed-line telephone company that provided services to the states of Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (state), São Paulo, as well as Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo thr ...

until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

References

External links

*
Anthem
{{São Paulo state, Bauru Municipalities in São Paulo (state)