Paul Lewicki (born Pawel Lewicki; October 7, 1953) is a Polish-born American

cognitive scientist Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include percep ...

, an

entrepreneur Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones. An entreprene ...

, and

investor An investor is a person who allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future Return on capital, return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of pr ...

. He was a professor of

cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of human mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, whi ...

at the

University of Tulsa The University of Tulsa (TU) is a Private university, private research university in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has a historic affiliation with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Presbyterian Church, although it is now nondenominational, and the campus ...

from 1984 through 2009, where he established the Nonconscious Information Processing Laboratory, funded by NSF and NIH. After leaving the university in 2009,Evatt, Rober
StatSoft helps others find patterns within data
Tulsa World (accessed August 14, 2011) he assumed the full-time role of CEO of StatSoft,Bloomberg
Company Overview of StatSoft, Inc.
(accessed November 10, 2012 a multinational analytics software company that he founded and where he was a majority shareholder. On March 24, 2014, StatSoft was sold to

Dell Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...

.Dell Press Release March 24, 2014
Dell Acquires StatSoft to Bolster Portfolio of Big Data Solutions
(accessed March 24, 2014

Research in cognitive psychology

Lewicki is best known for his research on nonconscious information processing and self-perpetuation, where he demonstrated that

procedural knowledge Procedural knowledge (also known as know-how, knowing-how, and sometimes referred to as practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, or performative knowledge) is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Unlike descriptive knowledge ...

in many cases can be created via subconscious acquisition of information about complex covariations between events or features, and that subconsciously, individuals can acquire very complex knowledge structures based on highly-multidimensional patterns of data.Lewicki, Paul, Hill, Thomas, & Czyzewska, Maria (1992). Nonconscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist, 47, 796-801 Lewicki's research on the self-perpetuating development of encoding dispositions purports to show that accidentally acquired (and even very slight) cognitive preferences or other encoding/interpretive dispositions can gradually develop and strengthen in a self-perpetuating manner. This mechanism may contribute to the development of ersonality traits and individual preferences, it may facilitate learning, but it can also lead to self-perpetuating development of dysfunctional biases, phobias, aversions and other symptoms of personality disorders.

Cognitive mining versus predictive data mining

Lewicki together with fellow cognitive researcher Thomas Hill were among the first to publish evidence that advanced expertise acquired by humans via experience, involves the acquisition (learning) and utilization of repeatable patterns in data that are structurally more complex than what humans can verbalize or intuitively experience, because they involve high-order interactions between multiple variables.Lewicki, Paul (1986). Nonconscious social information processing. New York: Academic Press The human consciousness usually cannot handle more than only third-order interactions. This approach became popular and rapidly adopted by the corporate world as so-called “predictive data mining” starting in the late 1990s and StatSoft’s '' STATISTICA Data Miner'' is now one of the widely used enterprise-level software systems for

data mining Data mining is the process of extracting and finding patterns in massive data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and ...

and

predictive analytics Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of Statistics, statistical techniques from data mining, Predictive modelling, predictive modeling, and machine learning that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or other ...

.Nisbet, Robert; Elder, John; Miner, Gary (2009). Handbook of Statistical Analysis & Data Mining Applications,

Academic Press Academic Press (AP) is an academic book publisher founded in 1941. It launched a British division in the 1950s. Academic Press was acquired by Harcourt, Brace & World in 1969. Reed Elsevier said in 2000 it would buy Harcourt, a deal complete ...

/Elsevier, Miner, Gary; Elder, John; Hill, Thomas; Nisbet, Robert; Delen, Dursun; Fast, Andrew (2012); Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-structured Text Data Applications,

/Elsevier, Karl Rexer, Heather Allen, & Paul Gearan (2011); 2011 Data Miner Survey Summary, presented at Predictive Analytics World, Oct. 2011. Lewicki began to write

data analysis Data analysis is the process of inspecting, Data cleansing, cleansing, Data transformation, transforming, and Data modeling, modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Da ...

software Software consists of computer programs that instruct the Execution (computing), execution of a computer. Software also includes design documents and specifications. The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital comput ...

for

personal computer A personal computer, commonly referred to as PC or computer, is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as Word processor, word processing, web browser, internet browsing, email, multimedia playback, and PC ...

s even before PCs became powerful enough to handle computationally-intensive procedures such as data mining. He found the mainframe data analysis software difficult to use and needed a tool to analyze his research data. He gave this software away for free to colleagues, who provided positive feedback and this led him to incorporate StatSoft. StatSoft then expanded into enterprise-scale

software and, according to th
company website
is now an international analytic solution software provider with more than 1,000,000 users and 30 offices worldwide.

StatSoft

Lewicki was the Chief Executive Officer and President of StatSoft; on March 24, 2014, StatSoft was acquired by

. In a recent interview, Lewicki emphasized that StatSoft’s corporate culture remains focused on long-term research and altruism rather than profits: "''Our mission is to create value and to make the world a better place, and analytics contribute directly to that. Our employees' biggest reward is to see that what we're doing works and is making a difference.''" Lewicki is the co-author (with Thomas Hill) of ''Statistics: Methods and Applications'' (also freely available in electronic format as th
StatSoft Electronic Statistics Textbook
), a popular resource on statistics and predictive modeling on the web with over 375,000 links from other websites worldwide (according to

Google Analytics Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic and also mobile app traffic and events, currently as a platform inside the Google Marketing Platform brand. Google launched the service in N ...

). At StatSoft, Lewicki (with Thomas Hill) also directed research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute of Palo Alto ( EPRI), to demonstrate the effectiveness of pattern recognition and predictive modeling algorithms for the optimization of combustion processes, to reduce harmful emissions from fossil fuel plants. The results of this research were published as EPRI Report number 1016494, and were also presented at the 2008 Meeting of the

Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, also known as APP, was an international, voluntary, public-private partnership among Australia, Canada, India, Japan, the People's Republic of China, South Korea, and the United Stat ...

. Lewicki has communicated to EPRI that because of the relevance of this work for environmentally sustainable power generation, this technology will be released to the public domain as soon as the proper regulatory infrastructure is established by the EPA and DOE.

Involvement in European economies

In the fall of 2012, Lewicki led the “Free Enterprise Software for Struggling European Economies” initiative, where StatSoft was installing free enterprise systems to companies in Greece, Portugal, and Spain to boost their productivity and competitiveness, and to facilitate their recovery.StatSoft Press Release: StatSoft to Aid Struggling European Economies With Free Enterprise Analytics Software
(accessed November 3, 2011) Lewicki has directed a
open letter to fellow CEOs of US software companies
urging them to join the initiative.Adame, Jaime (2012
From Tulsa, With Love (& Logic): Gift from local company an effort to jumpstart European economy
Urban Tulsa, November 14, 2012. (accessed November 14, 2012)

Artificial intelligence in medicine

After the sale of StatSoft to Dell in 2014, Lewicki focused on applications of artificial intelligence in medicine, that has been traditionally slower in adopting big data learning and data mining, and he co-founde
Holo Surgical Inc.
a company that developed technology based on Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality to provide surgeons and later robots with synthetic vision. This AI-based technology is intended to support digital surgery by allowing surgeons to see internal organs without making incisions as if the patient had no skin, muscles, or connective tissue and thus to perform complex surgeries using minimally invasive techniques. Lewicki was the President and a major shareholder of Holo Surgical Inc. until 2020 when it was acquired by Surgalign Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq: SRGA)
Lewicki joined the Board of Directors of Surgalign in 2020.
In 2016, Lewicki co-founde
Interneural Networks Inc.
(a company that specializes in Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Learning analysis of MRI brain imaging), an
Kardiolytics
(a company that developed AI-based, non-invasive heart-diagnostics methods). Kardiolytics uses non-invasive, AI-based analysis of inexpensive and widely available CT-scans to produce in depth heart diagnostics, with the goal of providing these methods remotely to a large percentage of the world population that currently have no access to advanced medical procedures. In 2017, Lewicki co-founde
Dystrogen Therapeutics Inc.
a company that develops treatments for rare diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Huntington Disease based on high-tech therapies using chimeric cells and RNAi platforms.

Personal life

Lewicki is a jet-rated Airline Transport Pilot,Federal Aviation Administration Registr

Airmen Registry Database. (accessed April 2, 2013) he is also an avid scuba diver, horse rider, and a skier.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewicki, Pawel 21st-century American psychologists Living people 1953 births 20th-century American psychologists