Paul Francis Conrad (June 27, 1924 – September 4, 2010) was an American
political cartoonist and winner of three
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prizes () are 23 annual awards given by Columbia University in New York City for achievements in the United States in "journalism, arts and letters". They were established in 1917 by the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fo ...
s for
editorial cartooning. In the span of a career lasting five decades, Conrad provided a critical perspective on eleven presidential administrations in the United States. He is best known for his work as the chief editorial cartoonist for the ''
Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'' during a time when the newspaper was in transition under the direction of publisher
Otis Chandler
Otis Chandler (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the ''Los Angeles Times'' between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler fami ...
, who recruited Conrad from the ''
Denver Post
''The Denver Post'' is a daily newspaper and website published in the Denver metropolitan area. it has an average print circulation of 57,265. In 2016, its website received roughly six million monthly unique visitors generating more than 13 mil ...
''.
At the conservative ''Times'', Conrad brought a more liberal editorial perspective that readers both celebrated and criticized; he was also respected for his talent and his ability to speak truth to power. On a weekly basis, Conrad addressed the
social justice
Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has of ...
issues of the day—poverty in America, movements for civil rights, the Vietnam War, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and corporate and political corruption were leading topics. His criticism of president
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until Resignation of Richard Nixon, his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...
during the
Watergate scandal
The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the Presidency of Richard Nixon, administration of President Richard Nixon. The scandal began in 1972 and ultimately led to Resignation of Richard Nixon, Nix ...
landed Conrad on
Nixon's Enemies List, which Conrad regarded as a badge of honor.
Early life
Conrad was born to Robert and Florence Conrad. He was raised in a conservative, Catholic family with his identical twin brother James and older brother Bob in
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Cedar Rapids is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, and its county seat. The population was 137,710 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of cities in Iowa, second-most populous city in Iowa. The city lies o ...
. He attended St. Augustin Elementary School in
Des Moines
Des Moines is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of cities in Iowa, most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the county seat of Polk County, Iowa, Polk County with parts extending into Warren County, Iowa, Wa ...
, where he first began to show interest in art by writing on the bathroom wall.
He was left-handed, but was forced by teachers to favor his right hand. Until the age of 12, Conrad stuttered.
[Longden, T. (2009, March 25)]
Famous Iowans - Paul Conrad
. ''The Des Moines Register''. Retrieved August 11, 2014. At an early age, Conrad was exposed to the work of
Jay Norwood Darling, more popularly known as "Ding Darling", whose conservative cartoons were featured in local newspapers and who became a "childhood role model" for Conrad.
[Smith, G. (1997). ''Celebrating Success: Inspiring Personal Letters on the Meaning of Success''. Health Communications. .]
After graduating from Roosevelt High School, he and his brother spent time working construction jobs in
Valdez, Alaska
Valdez ( ; Alutiiq language, Alutiiq: ) is a city in the Chugach Census Area, Alaska, Chugach Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. In 2020, the population of Valdez was 3,985, up slightly from 3,976 in 2010. It is the List of cities in Alask ...
. Conrad also honed his talent as a musician while playing piano in a bordello.
With
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
raging, Conrad and his brother enlisted. Because of his poor eyesight, Conrad was initially found to be unfit for military service, but he later served as a truck driver with the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is the military engineering branch of the United States Army. A direct reporting unit (DRU), it has three primary mission areas: Engineer Regiment, military construction, and civil wor ...
in the
Pacific Theater of Operations at Guam and Okinawa, where he was given the nickname of "Con". He originally planned to attend
Iowa State University
Iowa State University of Science and Technology (Iowa State University, Iowa State, or ISU) is a Public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in Ames, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1858 as the Iowa Agricult ...
after the war in 1945, but instead taught himself to play bass and joined a big band.
[Schudel, M. (2010, September 5)]
Pulitzer-winning political cartoonist Paul Conrad dies at 86
. ''The Washington Post'', p. B04.
When the band did not work out, Conrad enrolled at the
University of Iowa
The University of Iowa (U of I, UIowa, or Iowa) is a public university, public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized int ...
in 1946, where he studied art. He first got the idea to become a cartoonist while hanging out at a local bar in Iowa City. At the bar, his friend Charlie Carroll, then the editor for the school's newspaper, the ''
Daily Iowan'', told Conrad that they needed a cartoonist, and he invited Conrad to give it a try.
One of his first cartoons for the ''Daily Iowan'' depicted
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...
, the 31st President of the United States. Conrad was soon creating six cartoons a week.
Impressed with Conrad's cartoons, his professors sent the ''Denver Post'' copies of his work.
[McFadden, R. D. (2010, September 4)]
Paul Conrad, Cartoonist, Dies at 86
. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
''Denver Post''
After graduating from the University of Iowa with a degree in art in 1950, Conrad joined the ''
Denver Post
''The Denver Post'' is a daily newspaper and website published in the Denver metropolitan area. it has an average print circulation of 57,265. In 2016, its website received roughly six million monthly unique visitors generating more than 13 mil ...
'', where he drew cartoons for the next 14 years. Early in his career, Conrad sought out the then retired Ding Darling in Florida for advice, and showed him copies of his work from the ''Daily Iowan''. Unimpressed, Ding told Conrad to "get into another line of work". This discouragement from his childhood role model pushed Conrad to work harder at the ''Post''.
At the newspaper he received support and encouragement from his editor, Palmer Hoyt, although he occasionally ran into trouble,
especially when he attracted attention for creating critical, unflattering cartoons of
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionar ...
, the 34th President of the United States.
[Times Political Cartoonist Paul Conrad to Retire](_blank)
. (1993, January 25). ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved November 8, 2013. In 1960, ''
Time
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
'' magazine recognized Conrad's talent, saying that he was "probably the nation's hottest new cartooning property".
[One of the Few](_blank)
(1960, June 13). ''Time'', 75 (24): 54. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Conrad received the Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning in 1964.
[Fischer, H. D. (2011). 1964 Award: About Attitudes and Hopes Toward Integration in 1963. ''The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts. Part E: Liberal Arts''. (Vol. 13: Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922–1997, pp. 165–168). De Gruyter Saur. .] His cartoons for the ''Post'' were distributed through the
Register and Tribune Syndicate
The Register and Tribune Syndicate was a Print syndication, syndication service based in Des Moines, Iowa, that operated from 1922 to 1986, when it was acquired by King Features to become the Cowles Syndicate affiliate. At its peak, the Register a ...
in 81 newspapers.
[Cartoonist Going West](_blank)
(1964, January 31). ''Time'', 83 (5): 42. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
Previously, in December 1963, lead cartoonist
Bruce Russell of the ''
Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'' died of a heart attack. Russell had worked for the conservative paper since 1927. Publisher
Otis Chandler
Otis Chandler (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the ''Los Angeles Times'' between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler fami ...
, in an attempt to replace Russell and to improve the reputation of the ''Times'', recruited Paul Conrad with the help of editor
Nick Boddie Williams.
[Halberstam, D. (2000). ''The Powers That Be''. University of Illinois Press. .] Conrad took the offer of an initial three-year contract and was later replaced at the ''Post'' in August 1964 by Australian cartoonist
Pat Oliphant from the ''
Adelaide Advertiser''.
[Down Under to Denver](_blank)
(1964, September 18). ''Time'', 84 (12), 86. Retrieved August 11, 2014. [Heitzmann, W. R. (1988, September)]
The Power of Political Cartoons in Teaching History
. DFOccasional Paper. National Council for History Education. p. 4. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Conrad also lectured at the
Denver Art Museum
The Denver Art Museum (DAM) is an art museum located in the Civic Center of Denver, Colorado. With an encyclopedic collection of more than 70,000 diverse works from across the centuries and world, the DAM is one of the largest art museums betwe ...
in 1964 under a sponsorship from the Cooke-Daniels Lecture Fund.
''Los Angeles Times''
Conrad moved his family to southern California, and for three decades, from 1964 to 1993, he worked as the chief
editorial cartoonist
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current ...
for the ''Los Angeles Times''. His cartoons were now syndicated to hundreds of newspapers worldwide. In April 1967, Conrad drew the cover for ''Time'' magazine in an issue about the potential candidates for the
1968 United States presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 5, 1968. The Republican ticket of former vice president Richard Nixon and Maryland governor Spiro Agnew, defeated both the Democratic ticket of incumbent vice president Huber ...
. The cover art depicts the upcoming election as a horse race with the candidates as jockey's weighing-in. Caricatures of Lyndon B. Johnson, Bobby Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller, and Charles Percy grace the cover.
During the
Watergate scandal
The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the Presidency of Richard Nixon, administration of President Richard Nixon. The scandal began in 1972 and ultimately led to Resignation of Richard Nixon, Nix ...
, Conrad drew numerous cartoons about Richard Nixon's downfall. One cartoon showed Nixon, during his last days as president, nailing himself to a cross. Conrad later described the cartoon as one of his all-time favorites.
[French, Y. (1999, October)]
Afflicting the Comfortable
. ''Library of Congress Information Bulletin'', 58(10). Retrieved November 8, 2013. In 1973, the Associated Press contacted Conrad to inform him that he had been added to
Nixon's Enemies List. Unperturbed, Conrad considered his place on this list as a badge of honor, but members of the list were exposed to greater scrutiny by the government and subject to investigation. His tax returns were subsequently audited by the IRS several times, but no changes were made.
Conrad accepted an early retirement from the ''Times'' on April 1, 1993, but continued to draw four cartoons a week in syndication for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate. Editorial cartoonist
Michael Ramirez replaced Conrad at the ''Times'' with a conservative approach.
Sculptures
Conrad first became interested in sculpture in the mid-1970s. After working on a drawing of a crucifix depicting the Christian doctrine of the
Trinity
The Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the Christian doctrine concerning the nature of God, which defines one God existing in three, , consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, thr ...
, he decided to use steel to create it. He spent time at the public library learning to make
welded sculpture and three months later emerged with a sculpture titled ''The Trinity'', which was installed at Marymount College.
[Conrad, Paul (Summer 1980)]
A Preface to the Sculpture
. ''Michigan Quarterly Review'', 19 (3): 339–340. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Although it was made from steel, Conrad gave ''The Trinity'' a
verde patina to give it the appearance of copper. The sculpture was restored in 2012.
After working with large sculpture, Conrad began creating small bronze sculptures of famous Americans, beginning with Richard Nixon.
[Martelle, Scott (April 8, 2006)]
Paul Conrad's work with bronze caricatures
. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved August 16, 2014. Additional sculptures followed, including caricatures of Jerry Brown, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, John F. Kennedy, Ted Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr.
Six of these sculptures were featured in an exhibition at the
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page Museum).
LACMA was founded in 1961 ...
in 1979.
[Bradner, Liesl (September 1, 2010)]
'I, Con: The Brilliant Work of Paul Conrad' on exhibit
. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved August 16, 2014. In the 1980s, Conrad often donated smaller bronze sculptures for fundraisers.
[Jones, A. (2001, October 26)]
. ''National Catholic Reporter'', 38 (1): 12–13. Later sculptures included Golda Meir, Abraham Lincoln, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Writer Grady Miller of the ''Canyon News'', who met and visited with Conrad at his home in the late 1990s, recalled that Conrad "was specially proud of his bronze sculptures, which could be taken as an illustration of both his artistic range and his political beliefs".
Conrad also created several other works of public art: ''Risen Christ'', an altar piece located at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in
Rancho Palos Verdes, California; ''Otis Chandler'', a bust of the publisher installed in the ''Los Angeles Times'' building; and ''
Chain Reaction
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that sys ...
'', a peace monument in the shape of a mushroom cloud located in the Santa Monica Civic Center.
Awards
Conrad earned the
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 19th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
*Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-prof ...
three times, once for his work at the ''Denver Post'' in 1964, and twice more for his work at the ''Los Angeles Times'', in 1971 and 1984. The Society of Professional Journalists/Sigma Delta Chi (SDX) honored him seven times with the Distinguished Service Awards for Editorial Cartooning, in 1962, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1981, 1987, and 1996. Conrad also won two Overseas Press Club awards (1981 and 1970) and received the
Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award four times, in 1985, 1990, 1992, and 1993. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the
Association of American Editorial Cartoonists in 1998, and the Lifetime Public Service Award from the Edmund G. "Pat" Brown Institute of Public Affairs at
California State University, Los Angeles
California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) is a public research university in Los Angeles, California, United States. It is part of the California State University system. Cal State LA offers 142 bachelor's degree programs, 122 m ...
in 2000.
Controversies
As an editorial cartoonist who openly editorialized from a liberal point of view on the issues of the day, Conrad was involved in many publicized political and religious disputes over his cartoons.
[McDougal D. (2001). ''Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise And Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty''. Da Capo Press. .] In one dispute, he
was sued unsuccessfully by the then-Mayor of Los Angeles,
Sam Yorty, over an editorial cartoon portraying Yorty as crazy for thinking he would become
Richard Nixon's Secretary of Defense.
In another, he angered conservatives when he compared them to white supremacist
Buford Furrow in a cartoon.
[Goldberg, D. (1999). Faith-Based Compassion. ''Tikkun'', 14(6): November/December.] Conrad's cartoons often made fun of the
governorship of Ronald Reagan, leading his wife, Nancy Reagan, to phone publisher Otis Chandler and complain about how the cartoons were ruining her husband's breakfast. The calls were so frequent, Chandler had no choice but to stop taking them.
In another dispute, members of the Jewish community of Los Angeles took issue with Conrad's portrayal of the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about Territory, land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation ...
.
[Bentsur, E. (2001). ''Making Peace: A First-hand Account of the Arab-Israeli Peace Process''. Greenwood Publishing Group. .]
In the late 1970s,
Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXII ...
expressed his opinion against the
ordination of women
The ordination of women to Minister of religion, ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some contemporary major religious groups. It remains a controversial issue in certain religious groups in which ordination ...
, saying that priests must represent the image of Christ. This led Conrad to draw a cartoon of the pope holding a baby who resembled a miniature version of the pope in his image. Cardinal
Timothy Manning
Timothy Manning (Irish: ''Tadhg Ó Mongáin'') (November 15, 1909 – June 23, 1989) was an Irish Catholics, Irish Catholic prelate who served as Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Archbishop of Los Angeles from 1970 to 1985. He was elev ...
complained to Conrad, but Conrad defended his work, arguing that what the "human soul" has in common is far more important that its appearance in the form of a man or woman.
Conrad also criticized the Catholic church for not letting priests marry and for treating their nuns poorly.
"This is the type of church Christ had in mind?" he asked the ''National Catholic Reporter'' in 2001.
Personal life
Conrad was an imposing man with a powerful voice who was often seen smoking a pipe while working on his cartoons. James Rainey of the ''Los Angeles Times'' described Conrad as a "towering, practically invulnerable figure" standing at "6 feet 2,
ithhis large head framed by thick, black-rimmed glasses", his demeanor "loud and often profane in person".
The Library of Congress described him as "a tall Midwesterner with long hair swept straight back from his forehead
hodisplayed a trait that he said he often wished for in his subjects: the ability to laugh at oneself".
Conrad married Kay King, the ''Posts society editor, in 1953. As his wife, Kay became one of only two people (along with his editor at the ''Times'',
Edwin O. Guthman) who could influence his work.
Although he was raised as a Republican and a Catholic, his views changed as he aged. By 1960, the media was comparing his point of view to an "
Adlai Stevenson Adlai Stevenson may refer to:
* Adlai Stevenson I
Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the 23rd vice president of the United States from 1893 to 1897 under President Gr ...
Democrat".
Conrad voted for only one Republican in his life, Dwight D. Eisenhower, but said he later regretted it.
He remained a devout Catholic and his belief in
social justice
Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has of ...
informed his work.
[Multer-Wellin, B. (2006). ]
Paul Conrad: Drawing Fire
''. Documentary, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). According to Matt Schudel of ''The Washington Post'', "Conrad considered himself an unabashed political liberal, except for his long-held opposition to abortion. He changed his views in the 1980s, when he came to believe that it was a matter of private choice."
Death
Conrad died at home in Rancho Palos Verdes at the age of 86.
[Bennett, M. (2010, September 7)]
. ''The Daily Iowan''. Retrieved August 11, 2014. His funeral was held at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in Rancho Palos Verdes on September 11, 2010, with eulogies delivered by journalist
Robert Scheer and editorial cartoonist
Tony Auth. Conrad was survived by his wife, Kay King, two sons, two daughters, and one grandchild.
[Rainey, J. (2010, September 5)]
Paul Conrad dies at 86
. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
Legacy
Many publishers and journalists describe Conrad as one of the finest political cartoonists of the 20th century.
According to the Associated Press, "Southern California political junkies for decades would start their day either outraged or delighted at a Conrad drawing."
[Dalton, A. (2010, September 5)]
Pulitzer-winning cartoonist Paul Conrad dies at 86
. Associated Press. ''Huffington Post''. Retrieved August 11, 2014. He was one of only several post-war cartoonists to have won a total of three Pulitzers for his work and he was the only cartoonist named on Nixon's Enemies List. From 1977–1978, Conrad held the Richard M. Nixon Chair at
Whittier College, Nixon's ''alma mater''.
Conrad's editorial cartoons later appeared in exhibitions at the
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
The USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a part of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
It has 2,300 undergraduate and graduate students. Willow Bay is the dean. Prof. Hector Amaya is the Director of the Sc ...
.
He authored several books about his work and donated many of his original editorial cartoons to the Prints and Photographs Division of the
United States Library of Congress.
His influence and legacy as an editorial cartoonist are explored in the documentary film ''Paul Conrad: Drawing Fire'' (2007). In honor of this legacy, the "Paul Conrad Scholarship" is annually awarded to journalism and mass communication students by the University of Iowa.
The
Huntington Library
The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, known as The Huntington, is a collections-based educational and research institution established by Henry E. Huntington and Arabella Huntington in San Marino, California, United State ...
, which hosts the Conrad Collection papers, calls his body of work "a powerful record of key issues that have confronted
he United Statesin the second half of the twentieth century".
Lampooning Injustice: Paul Conrad's Perspective on Civil Rights
. (2008). Teaching American History. Library Lesson Plans. The Huntington Library. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
Public sculptures
*''Trinity'' (Statue, Marymount California University)
*''Risen Christ'' (Altar piece, St. John Fisher Church, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA)
*''Otis Chandler'' (Bust, ''Los Angeles Times'' building)
*''Chain Reaction
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that sys ...
'', (Monument, Santa Monica Civic Center)
Publications
*''When in the Course of Human Events'' (1973)
*''The King and Us'' (1974)
*''Pro and Conrad'' (1979)
*''Drawn and Quartered'' (1985)
*''CONartist'' (1993)
*''Drawing The Line'' (1999)
References
Further reading
*Auth, T. (2010, September 20). Paul Conrad. ''Time'', 176(12): 26.
*Buell, E. H., Maus, M. (1988)
Is the Pen Mightier than the Word? Editorial Cartoons and 1988 Presidential Nominating Politics
''PS: Political Science and Politics'', 21(4): 847–858.
*Freedman, Leonard. (Spring 2012)
''Social Research'', 79(1): 87–112.
*Hess, S., Northrop, S. (2010). ''American Political Cartoons: The Evolution of a National Identity, 1754–2010''. Transaction Publishers. .
*Petechuk, D. (2003). Conrad, Paul. In W. L. O'Neill & K. T. Jackson (Eds.), ''Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960s'' (Vol. 1, pp. 201–203). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
*Rainey, J., & Noland, C. (2010, September 4)
''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
*Wallis, D. (2007). ''Killed Cartoons: Casualties From the War on Free Expression''. W. W. Norton & Company. .
External links
Finding aid for Papers Paul Conrad, 1950–2005
at the Huntington Library
at Syracuse University
''PAUL CONRAD: DRAWING FIRE''
site for Independent Lens on PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educat ...
Pro and Conrad.com
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conrad, Paul
1924 births
2010 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
American political artists
American caricaturists
Artists from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners
University of Iowa alumni
The Denver Post people
Los Angeles Times people
Whittier College people
Catholics from Iowa
Sculptors from Iowa
20th-century American sculptors
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel