The Radical Party (, PR) was a

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * Generally, a supporter of the political philosophy liberalism. Liberals may be politically left or right but tend to be centrist. * An adherent of a Liberal Party (See also Liberal parties by country ...

and

libertarian Libertarianism (from ; or from ) is a political philosophy that holds freedom, personal sovereignty, and liberty as primary values. Many libertarians believe that the concept of freedom is in accord with the Non-Aggression Principle, according ...

political party in Italy This is a list of political parties in Italy since Italian unification in 1861. Throughout history, numerous political parties have been operating in Italy. Since World War II no party has ever gained enough support to govern alone; thus, partie ...

. For decades, inspired by 19th-century

classical radicalism Radicalism (from French ) was a political movement representing the leftward flank of liberalism between the late 18th and early 20th century. Certain aspects of the movement were precursors to a wide variety of modern-day movements, ranging f ...

, the Radical Party was a bastion of

anti-clericalism Anti-clericalism is opposition to clergy, religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in Christian traditions has been opposed to the influence of Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secul ...

civil libertarianism Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports civil liberties and rights, or which emphasizes the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority (such as a state, a corporation, ...

feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...

liberalism and radicalism in Italy Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. Liberals espouse various and often mu ...

as well as

environmentalism Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecolog ...

. The party proposed itself as the strongest opposition to the Italian political establishment, seen as corrupt and conservative. Although it never reached high shares of vote and never participated in government, the party had close relations with the other parties of the Italian left—from the

Republicans Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...

and the

Socialists Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the economic, political, and socia ...

to the

Communists Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, d ...

and

Proletarian Democracy Proletarian Democracy (, DP) was a far-left political party in Italy. History 1970s DP was founded in 1975 as a joint electoral front of the Proletarian Unity Party (PdUP), Workers Vanguard (AO) and the "Workers Movement for Socialism" (MLS), ...

—and opened its ranks also to members of other parties through dual membership. The party's longtime leader was

Marco Pannella Marco Pannella (born Giacinto Pannella; 2 May 1930 – 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician, journalist and activist. He was well known in his country for his nonviolence and civil rights' campaigns, like the 1974 Italian divorce referendum, ...

(1930–2016), who served as a member of the

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourb ...

(1976–1994) and the

European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...

(1979–2009), leading the party in most of the elections it contested. In 1989, the PR was transformed into the

Transnational Radical Party The Transnational Radical Party (TRP), whose official name is Nonviolent Radical Party, Transnational and Transparty (NRPTT), is a political association of citizens, members of parliament and members of government of various national and politic ...

, a

non-governmental organisation A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically nonprofit organization that operates outside government control, though it may get a significant percentage of its funding from government or corporate sources. NGOs often focus ...

tasked with defending liberal and left-libertarian values. During the 1990s, the Radicals had formed a succession of

electoral list An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can c ...

s (notably including the

Pannella List The Pannella List (, LP) is a liberal and libertarian association, which was also the electoral list of the Italian Radicals between 1992 and 1999, when it was replaced by the Bonino List. Its standard-bearer was Marco Pannella (who died in 2 ...

and

Bonino List The Bonino List () was a liberal and libertarian electoral list active in Italy from 1999 to 2004. Named after Emma Bonino, a leading Radical who had been European Commissioner in 1995–1999 (appointed by Silvio Berlusconi), after the unsucc ...

), without having a structured party and sometimes dividing themselves between competing lists. The latest incarnation of the party is the

Italian Radicals The Italian Radicals (, RI) are a liberal and libertarian political party in Italy. The party draws inspiration form 19th-century classical radicalism and the Radical Party. The RI are a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Eur ...

, founded in 2001, former section of Transnational Radical Party.

History

The PR was founded in 1955 by the left wing of the

Italian Liberal Party The Italian Liberal Party (, PLI) was a liberal political party in Italy. The PLI, which was heir to the liberal currents of both the Historical Right and the Historical Left, was a minor party after World War II, but also a frequent junio ...

as the ideal continuation of the historical Radical Party, active from 1877 to 1925, emphasising

and

secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin , or or ), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. The origins of secularity can be traced to the Bible itself. The concept was fleshed out through Christian hi ...

issues such as

separation of church and state The separation of church and state is a philosophical and Jurisprudence, jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the State (polity), state. Conceptually, the term refers to ...

and the full implementation of the

Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

. Leading members of the new party included

Bruno Villabruna Bruno Villabruna (12 August 1884 – 16 October 1971) was an Italian lawyer and liberal politician. Born in Santa Giustina, near Belluno in the Veneto, he was first elected to parliament in 1921. After the rise to power of the fascists, he joined ...

Mario Pannunzio Mario Pannunzio (5 March 1910 – 10 February 1968) was an Italian journalist and politician. As a journalist he was the director in charge of the daily newspaper Risorgimento Liberale (''Liberal reawakening'') in the 1940s and of the weekly p ...

, Ernesto Rossi,

Leo Valiani Leo Valiani (born 9 February 1909 – 18 September 1999) was an Italian historian, politician, and journalist. Early life Valiani was born Leó Weiczen in Fiume (now Rijeka), on the Adriatic Sea (then in the Hungary part of Austria-Hungary, ...

, Guido Calogero,

Giovanni Ferrara Giovanni may refer to: * Giovanni (name), an Italian male given name and surname * Giovanni (meteorology), a Web interface for users to analyze NASA's gridded data * ''Don Giovanni'', a 1787 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, based on the legend of ...

Paolo Ungari Paolo is a masculine given name, the Italian form of the name Paul. It may refer to: People Art * Paolo Abbate (1884–1973), Italian-American sculptor * Paolo Alboni (1671–1734), Italian painter * Paolo Antonio Barbieri (1603–1649), ...

Eugenio Scalfari Eugenio Scalfari (; 6 April 1924 – 14 July 2022) was an Italian journalist. He was editor-in-chief of '' L'Espresso'' (1963–1968), a member of Parliament in Italy's Chamber of Deputies (1968–1972), and co-founder of ''La Repubblica'' and ...

and

. Following a leadership crisis in 1963, most party members left the PR and joined the

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a Social democracy, social democratic and Democratic socialism, democratic socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parti ...

or the

Italian Republican Party The Italian Republican Party (, PRI) is a political party in Italy established in 1895, which makes it the oldest political party still active in the country. The PRI identifies with 19th-century classical radicalism, as well as Mazzinianism, a ...

; the remaining members, under the leadership of Pannella and Gianfranco Spadaccia took control of the party, which abandoned its original social-liberal views and adopted a strong

left-libertarian Left-libertarianism, also known as left-wing libertarianism, is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both individual freedom and social equality. Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to ...

position. The "new" PR came to political success in the 1976 general election, when it entered Parliament with four deputies: Pannella,

Emma Bonino Emma Bonino (born 9 March 1948) is an Italian politician. She was a senator for Rome between 2008 and 2013, and again between 2018 and 2022. She also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2014. Previously, she was a Member of the Eu ...

, Adele Faccio and Mauro Mellini. In the 1979 general election, the party won 3.5% of the vote and elected 18 deputies and two senators, its best result ever and by far the largest gain of any party in the Chamber of Deputies. The relative success of the party was a consequence of the new line impressed by Pannella who moved the party's focus to issues like

divorce Divorce (also known as dissolution of marriage) is the process of terminating a marriage or marital union. Divorce usually entails the canceling or reorganising of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the M ...

and

abortion Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. Abortions that occur without intervention are known as miscarriages or "spontaneous abortions", and occur in roughly 30–40% of all pregnan ...

, also by winning three referendums on those issues in 1974 and 1981. In 1979, following the first European Parliament direct election, the PR was involved with Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties (CEGRP) and its unsuccessful efforts to create a single pan-European platform for green and radical politics. From 1976, the PR used the

fist and rose The fist and rose, sometimes called the rose in the fist or fist with a rose, is an emblem used or formerly used by a number of Left-wing politics, left-wing and Centre-left politics, center-left parties and political organizations around the wo ...

emblem created by the French

Socialist Party Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of th ...

and later used by the

Socialist International The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism, consisting mostly of Social democracy, social democratic political parties and Labour mov ...

, although they were not ideologically close: Pannella had managed to obtain the permission because the

(PSI) lacked internal support to remove its traditional symbols, which included the Marxist

hammer and sickle The hammer and sickle (Unicode: ) is a communist symbol representing proletarian solidarity between industrial and agricultural workers. It was first adopted during the Russian Revolution at the end of World War I, the hammer representing wo ...

. In 1980, it decided to add a thick, diagonal

black armband A black armband is an armband that is coloured black to signify that the wearer is in mourning or wishes to identify with the commemoration of a family member or friend who has died. In sport, especially association football, cricket, and Austral ...

as a sign of

mourning Mourning is the emotional expression in response to a major life event causing grief, especially loss. It typically occurs as a result of someone's death, especially a loved one. The word is used to describe a complex of behaviors in which t ...

to its logo to pay homage to the part of humanity which was victim of hunger and war, reflecting its internationalist turn. In the 1980s, the party focused more on international and European issues. Affiliated to the Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties/European Green Coordination, Pannella was a

member of the European Parliament A member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been Election, elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and S ...

since 1979 and led the party into new battles against hunger and in favour of further

European integration European integration is the process of political, legal, social, regional and economic integration of states wholly or partially in Europe, or nearby. European integration has primarily but not exclusively come about through the European Union ...

. The party European affiliation were the Technical Group of Independents (1979–1984),

Non-Inscrits Non-attached members, also known by the French term (, NI), are members of the European Parliament (MEPs) who do not belong to one of the recognised political groups, which as May 2025 consisted of 8 groups ranging between far-left and fa ...

(1984–1989) and Green Group. In 1989, the party was transformed into the

, a

working at the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

and coordinating the efforts of several national parties and groupings mainly in support of

human rights Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...

. The Radicals continued to participate in elections through the

Antiprohibitionists on Drugs The Antiprohibitionists on Drugs (; full name

list, the Rainbow Greens, the

, the

and the

Bonino-Pannella List Bonino-Pannella List (''Lista Bonino-Pannella'') was a liberal and libertarian electoral list formed by the Italian Radicals. Named after Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino, the list was the continuation of Pannella List (1992–1999) and Bonino ...

. In 2001 they re-organised themselves as a party with the

and Bonino served in two governments ( Prodi II – 2006–2008 and Letta – 2013–2014). Pannella died after a long illness in 2016.

Ideology

The PR gave expression to the transformation of Italian society towards more liberal behaviour and ideas in the post-war period. An

anti-clerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in Christian traditions has been opposed to the influence of Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, ...

party, it placed itself within the

libertarian left Left-libertarianism, also known as left-wing libertarianism, is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both Political freedom, individual freedom and social equality. Left-libertarianism represents several related yet dis ...

, often working for the unity of all the parties of the Italian left and proposing the adoption of an American-style electoral system based on

first-past-the-post voting First-past-the-post (FPTP)—also called choose-one, first-preference plurality (FPP), or simply plurality—is a single-winner voting rule. Voters mark one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first- ...

and the transformation of Italian institutions toward a

presidential system A presidential, strong-president, or single-executive system (sometimes also congressional system) is a form of government in which a head of government (usually titled " president") heads an executive branch that derives its authority and l ...

, but also often being rejected by certain areas of the

left Left may refer to: Music * ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006 * ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016 * ''Left'' (Helmet album), 2023 * "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album ''Curb'', 1996 Direction * Left (direction), the relativ ...

itself, especially those linked with the

Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party (, PCI) was a communist and democratic socialist political party in Italy. It was established in Livorno as the Communist Party of Italy (, PCd'I) on 21 January 1921, when it seceded from the Italian Socialist Part ...

, due to the Radicals' strong support of

anti-communism Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global ...

, their

economic liberalism Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism ...

, and their belief in social, religious, political, economic, and sexual freedoms. The party was also known for its strong belief in

direct democracy Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the Election#Electorate, electorate directly decides on policy initiatives, without legislator, elected representatives as proxies, as opposed to the representative democracy m ...

and especially for its promotion of

referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...

Associations

In the 1960s, the PR launched the Italian League for Divorce (''Lega Italiana per il Divorzio'', LID), which succeeded in marshalling together the secular parties into a unified political alliance and getting the law on divorce approved. During the 1970s, the PR helped launch the Women's Liberation Movement (''Movimento di Liberazione della Donna'', MLD) by supporting the activities of the Italian Centre for Sterilisation and Abortion (''Centro Italiano Sterilizzazioni e Aborti'', CISA) and by giving its support to the Italian Revolutionary Homosexual United Front (''Fronte Unitario Omosessuale Rivoluzionario Italiano'', FUORI), one of the first Italian

homosexual Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between people of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" exc ...

associations. All the aforementioned groups, as well as many others, were part of a Radical movement that was organised as a federation of single-issue associations rather than a united party. The Italian League for Divorce developed a broad following with the 1974 referendum to repeal the Divorce Law which had been passed three years prior. The referendum was initiated by Gabrio Lombardi with the support of the Christian Church as a form of reactionary opposition to legal divorce. The campaign for a no vote, in opposition to the Christian Democrats, was mostly led by unofficial party leader Marco Pannella, who was a fierce champion for the rights of woman. This led to further connections with left-wing groups within Italy at the time such as the

and the

. Because of the enormous campaigning effort done by Pannella, the divorce referendum resulted in around 60% of citizens voting in favour of protecting divorce laws, and this was considered to be largely to the credit of Radical Party, which emboldened the LID. The PR found its first connections to Fuori! in the 1970s when Angelo Pezzana, a member of the Radical Party and one of the founders of the Italian Revolutionary Homosexual United Front, had attempted to further politicise the association and connect it with the party. In 1974, at the 14th congress of the Radical Party, Fuori! was officially federated as a part of the Radical Party, resulting in the dissatisfaction and withdrawal of some Fuori! members, such as

Mario Mieli Mario Mieli (21 May 1952, Milan – 12 March 1983) was an Italian activist, writer, playwright, and gender studies theorist. He is considered one of the founders of the Italian homosexual movement, and one of the leading theoreticians in Italian ...

. By the 15th congress, which took place in 1976, Fuori! had announced a list of candidates to run for positions within the party, thus marking the first time in which Italy had openly homosexual citizens run as candidates within a party elections, and by 1979, Angelo Pezzana became a member of the Italian parliament. Pezzana was in office for less than a month before retirement, but continued to write on his experiences on the advancement of Italian homosexual rights, as facilitated by the Radical Party. Considered an early example of a political party placing importance on

environmentalist Environmentalism is a broad Philosophy of life, philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of Green politics, g ...

issues, from 1972 onwards the PR also formed environmental organisations, including the

Friends of the Earth Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) is an international network of grassroots environmental organizations in 73 countries. About half of the member groups call themselves "Friends of the Earth" in their own languages; the others use other ...

's Italian chapter, the League Against Vivisection and League Against Hunting.

Popular support

The PR never gained massive support in elections, due to its loose organisation and eclectic profile. Additionally, the party did not file candidates for all the elections and sometimes even supported abstention from voting. The Radicals' strongest showing was in the 1979 general election, when it obtained 3.5% of the vote and 18 deputies. The PR did better in the

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

(especially in

Piedmont Piedmont ( ; ; ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the northwest Italy, Northwest of the country. It borders the Liguria region to the south, the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east, and the Aosta Valley region to the ...

) and in large cities (Rome,

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

and

Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...

) than in the

South South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...

and in rural areas.Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, ''Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia'', Zanichelli,

Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...

2009

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

European Parliament

Leadership

* Secretary:

(1956–1959),

Leopoldo Piccardi Leopoldo Piccardi (Ventimiglia, 12 June 1889 – Rome, 18 April 1974) was an Italian politician and civil servant, who served as Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the Badoglio I Cabinet, the first after the fall of the regime. After the w ...

(1959–1962),

(1962–1963),

(1963–1967),

Gianfranco Spadaccia Gianfranco Spadaccia (28 February 1935 – 24 September 2022) was an Italian journalist and politician. A member of the Radical Party and the Transnational Radical Party, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1983 to 1986 and again from 2 to ...

(1967–1968), Mauro Mellini (1968–1969),

Angiolo Bandinelli Angiolo Bandinelli (21 March 1927 – 6 February 2022) was an Italian politician, journalist and writer. Biography A poet and translator, from his youth he was divided between his love of literature and his passion for journalism and politics. ...

(1969–1970), Roberto Cicciomessere (1970–1971),

(1971–1973), Giulio Ercolessi (1973–1974),

(1974–1976),

Adelaide Aglietta Maria Adelaide Aglietta (4 June 1940 – 20 May 2000) was an Italian politician, deputy for the Radical Party between 1979 and 1985 (when she resigned) and 1987 to 1989. She was also a Member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 1999. Betwee ...

(1976–1978), Jean Fabre (1978–1979),

Giuseppe Rippa Giuseppe is the Italian form of the given name Joseph, from Latin Iōsēphus from Ancient Greek Ἰωσήφ (Iōsḗph), from Hebrew יוסף. The feminine form of the name is Giuseppa or Giuseppina. People with the given name include: :''Note ...

(1979–1980),

Francesco Rutelli Francesco Rutelli (born 14 June 1954) is an Italian journalist and former politician, who is the president of National Association of Film and Audiovisual Industry, since October 2016 and re-elected for the 2020–2022 term, plus ANICA Servizi. ...

(1980–1981),

(1981–1983), Roberto Cicciomessere (1983–1984), Giovanni Negri (1984–1988),

Sergio Stanzani Sergio may refer to: * Sergio (name), for people with the given name Sergio * Sergio (carbonado), the largest rough diamond ever found * Sergio, the mascot for the Old Orchard Beach Surge baseball team * ''Sergio'', a 2009 documentary film about ...

(1988–1989) * President:

Elio Vittorini Elio Vittorini (; 23 July 1908 – 12 February 1966) was an Italian writer and novelist. He was a contemporary of Cesare Pavese and an influential voice in the modernist school of novel writing. His best-known work, in English speaking countries ...

(1962–1964),

(1964–1967),

(1967–1975), Adele Faccio (1975–1976),

(1976–1981),

Enzo Tortora Enzo Tortora (30 November 1928 – 18 May 1988) was an Italian television presenter on national RAI television, who was unjustly convicted of being a member of the Camorra and drug trafficking in 1985, and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He was ...

(1981–1986),

(1986–1989) * Party Leader in the

(1976–1978),

(1978), Mauro Mellini (1979),

(1979),

(1979–1982),

(1982–1983),

(1983–1984), Roberto Cicciomessere (1984),

(1984–1988), Giuseppe Calderisi (1988–1992),

(1992–1994)

References

Sources

General chronology of the Radical Party, 1955–1989
* Massimo L. Salvadori, ''Enciclopedia storica'', Zanichelli,

2000. *

Massimo Teodori Massimo Teodori (born 9 September 1938) is an Italian author and politician; his books mainly focus on the differences between Europe and the United States. He was born in Force, near the city of Ascoli Piceno, Marche, to an upper-middle-class ...

; Piero Ignazi;

Angelo Panebianco Angelo is an Italian masculine given name and surname meaning "angel", or "messenger". People People with the given name *Angelo Abenante (1927–2024), Italian trade unionist and politician *Angelo Accardi, Italian visual artist *Angelo Accatt ...

, ''I nuovi Radicali 1955–1977'', Mondadori,

1977. * Lorenza Ponzone, ''Il Partito Radicale nella storia politica italiana: 1962–1989'', Schena,

Fasano Fasano (; Bari dialect, Barese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Brindisi, Apulia, southern Italy. It is the second most populated town in the province after Brindisi, with a population in 2021 of 39,026. History According to a folk ...

1993. * David Busato, ''Il Partito Radicale in Italia da Mario Pannunzio a Marco Pannella'', 1996. {{DEFAULTSORT:Radical Party 1955 establishments in Italy 1989 disestablishments in Italy Anti-clericalism Centre-left parties in Europe Critics of the Catholic Church Defunct political parties in Italy Federalist parties in Italy Liberal parties in Italy Libertarianism in Italy Libertarian parties Political parties disestablished in 1989 Political parties established in 1955 Politics of Italy Radical parties in Italy Secularism in Italy