''Parthenina'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of very small
sea snail
Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...
s,
pyramidellid gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s or
micromollusk
A micromollusc is a shelled mollusc which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to marine molluscs, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater molluscs also ...
s.
[Gofas, S.; Bouchet, P. (2015). Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=565557 on 2015-04-03]
This genus was previously placed in the subfamily
Chrysallidinae of the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Odostomiidae. The name ''Parthenia'' was created by Lowe in 1840 for the species in this group, but had to be replaced since it was preoccupied by a name for a group of dipterans described by Roubineau-Desvoidy in 1830.
Shell description
In the original description Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus (1833)
states (in English translation) that ''Partnenina'' is a type of ''
Odostomia
''Odostomia'' is the most speciose genus of minute sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks. This genus is placed in the family Pyramidellidae in the subfamily Odostomiinae. There are several hundred species in this diverse genus ( Schander ...
'' with a mesh-like surface or with longitudinal ridges. Between these ridges there are series of spiral ridges. Many of the European species in the genus have for a long time been wrongly placed in the genus ''
Chrysallida
''Chrysallida'' is a speciose genus of minute sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae within the tribe Chrysallidini.Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: G ...
'', but Schander et al. (2003) showed that they should indeed be placed in the genus ''Parthenina''. This separation was followed by Pimenta et al. (2009) for Brazilian species.
The synonymy with ''Besla'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904 proposed by Micali et al. (2012) is debatable. The type species of ''Besla'' has a
protoconch
A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...
axis at 90° with that of
teleoconch
The gastropod shell is part of the body of many gastropods, including snails, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium ...
("type A protoconch") whereas that of ''Parthenina'' is tilted nearly 180° ("type C"); this important character suggests that they are unrelated and that their teleoconch
sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
may be convergent
Taxonomy
The Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species of the family Pyramidellidae, here listed under the genus ''Parthenina''
Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883, have been included by most 20th-century European authors in the genus ''Chrysallida''
Carpenter, 1856, following a lead by Winckworth (1932). The first explicit statement that this is incorrect was voiced by van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud (2000: 21) "None of the many species from European Atlantic and Mediterranean waters currently included in ''Chrysallida'' conforms exactly to the description of the genus sensu stricto", but they still used ''Chrysallida'' as a genus and used ''Parthenina'' and other names as subgenera. Micali, Nofroni & Perna (2012) formally raised ''Parthenina'' to the rank of genus and included a number of European species, whereas other congeners not treated in that paper were still listed in WoRMS and elsewhere as ''Chrysallida''. Hoisaeter (2014) transferred some more species but still listed five species under ''Chrysallida''. The current treatment follows Giannuzzi-Savelli, Pusateri, Micali, Nofroni & Bartolini (2014) who provided a quite sensible treatment and transferred the relevant Mediterranean species to ''Parthenina'' and other genera, without any species retained in ''Chrysallida''. This scheme yet has to be tested against a phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular sequence data.
Life history
The genus is parasitic, manly on
serpulid
The Serpulidae are a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from other sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes wh ...
polychaete worms. They are known to have spermatophores.
Species
Species within the genus ''Parthenina'' include:
* † ''
Parthenina acuticostata''
(Sorgenfrei, 1958)
* ''
Parthenina aemulatrix''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina affectuosa''
(Yokoyama, 1927)
* ''
Parthenina alesii''
Micali, Nofroni & Perna, 2012
* ''
Parthenina altecara''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina altinodosa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina altumincile''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina angulosa''
(Monterosato, 1889)
* ''
Parthenina anselmoi''
(Peñas & Rolán, 1998)
* ''
Parthenina artiumbilici''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina assimilis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina basicostata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina basisfuniculata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina biumbilicata''
Pimenta, 2012
* ''
Parthenina brattstroemi''
(Warén, 1991)
* ''
Parthenina breviter''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina canalesi''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina captiosa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina circumsepta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina clathrata''
(Jeffreys, 1848)
* ''
Parthenina columnalis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina congesta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina conjugata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina connexa''
(Dautzenberg, 1912)
* ''
Parthenina considerata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina convoluta''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina copiosa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina correcta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina curvicostae''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina dantarti''
(Peñas & Rolán, 2008)
* ''
Parthenina decussata''
( Montagu, 1803)
* ''
Parthenina dekkeri''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
* ''
Parthenina delectabilis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina deminuta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina densesculpta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina digitiformis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina discursa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina dissensa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina dollfusi''
(Kobelt, 1903)
* ''
Parthenina elegantiae''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina emaciata''
(Brusina, 1866)
* ''
Parthenina excessa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina eximia''
(Jeffreys, 1849)
* ''
Parthenina expressa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina extenta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina faberi''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
* ''
Parthenina feldi''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
* ''
Parthenina flexuosa''
(Monterosato, 1874)
* ''
Parthenina gabmulderi''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
* ''
Parthenina indistincta''
( Montagu, 1908)
* ''
Parthenina intermissa''
(Thiele, 1925)
* ''
Parthenina interspatiosa''
(Linden & Eikenboom, 1992)
* ''
Parthenina interstincta''
( Montagu, 1803) - type species, as ''Turbo interstinctus''
* ''
Parthenina inverta''
(Laseron, 1959)
* ''
Parthenina iuga''
(Laseron, 1959)
* ''
Parthenina jeanpaulkrepsi''
Peñas, Rolán & Swinnen, 2014
* ''
Parthenina josae''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
* ''
Parthenina juliae''
(de Folin, 1872)
* ''
Parthenina limitum''
(Brusina in de Folin & Périer, 1876)
* ''
Parthenina marielloides''
(Yokoyama, 1922)
* ''
Parthenina marquesensis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* † ''
Parthenina martae''
Landau & LaFollette, 2015
* ''
Parthenina mauritanica''
(Peñas & Rolán, 1998)
* ''
Parthenina meta''
(Dall & Bartsch, 1906)
* ''
Parthenina microsculpta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina monicae''
(Saurin, 1958)
* ''
Parthenina monozona''
(Brusina, 1869)
* ''
Parthenina monterosatii''
(Clessin, 1900)
* ''
Parthenina moolenbeeki''
(Amati, 1987)
* ''
Parthenina multicostata
''Parthenina multicostata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectop ...
''
(Jeffreys, 1884)
* ''
Parthenina nexa''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina nullusdens''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina opisthecostae''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina orientalis''
(Nomura, 1936)
* ''
Parthenina pagodula''
(A. Adams, 1860)
* ''
Parthenina palazzii''
(Micali, 1984)
* ''
Parthenina parasigmoidea''
(Schander, 1994)
* ''
Parthenina parvispiralis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina penchynati''
(Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883)
* ''
Parthenina perfilumserrae''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina perforata''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina perpetua''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina pluracostae''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina pluricostulata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina plurifuniculata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina pseudofolinella''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina pyttelilla''
(Schander, 1994)
* ''
Parthenina quantoana''
(Nomura, 1937)
* ''
Parthenina rinaldii''
(Micali & Nofroni, 2004)
* ''
Parthenina rudisculpta''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina sagamiana''
(Yokoyama, 1922)
* ''
Parthenina sarsi''
(Nordsieck, 1972)
* ''
Parthenina scalarum''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina sergei''
(Nofroni & Schander, 1994)
* ''
Parthenina shibana''
(Yokoyama, 1927)
* ''
Parthenina solomonensis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina spiculiformae''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina sudanensis''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina suturalis''
(Philippi, 1844)
* ''
Parthenina tavianii''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina tenuifuniculata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina terebellum''
(Philippi, 1844)
* ''
Parthenina trialicii''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina typica''
(Laseron, 1959)
* ''
Parthenina ultralaeta''
(Nomura, 1936)
* ''
Parthenina unavera''
Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020
* ''
Parthenina vanuatuensis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina varia''
(Odé, 1993)
* ''
Parthenina ventriosa''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina vitilevuensis''
Peñas & Rolán, 2017
* ''
Parthenina wikanderi''
Høisaeter, 2014
* ''
Parthenina willeminae''
(van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Parthenina atlantica''
Locard, 1897: synonym of ''
Turbonilla atlantica''
(Locard, 1897)
* ''Parthenina bucquoyi''
Locard, 1886: synonym of ''
Odostomella doliolum''
(Philippi, 1844)
* ''Parthenina caduca''
(Laseron, 1959): synonym of ''
Elodiamea caduca''
Laseron, 1959
* ''Parthenina desmoulinsiana''
Locard, 1886: synonym of ''Chrysallida terebellum''
(Philippi, 1844): synonym of
* ''Parthenina flexicosta''
Locard, 1886: synonym of ''
Parthenina interstincta''
(J. Adams, 1797)
* ''Parthenina gracilis''
(Yokoyama, 1926): synonym of ''
Egilina gracilis''
(Yokoyama, 1926)
* ''Parthenina incerta''
Milaschewitsch, 1916: synonym of ''
Spiralinella incerta''
(Milaschewich, 1916)
* ''Parthenina monocycla''
(Yokoyama, 1922): synonym of ''
Parthenina pagodula''
(A. Adams, 1860)
* ''Parthenina multicostata'' (Laseron, 1959): synonym of ''
Elodiamea multicostata''
Laseron, 1959
* ''Parthenina ora'' (Laseron, 1959): synonym of ''
Elodiamea ora''
Laseron, 1959
* ''Parthenina proiectura'' (Laseron, 1959): synonym of ''
Elodiamea proiectura''
Laseron, 1959
* ''Parthenina tenuistriata''
Milaschewitsch, 1909: synonym of ''
Parthenina juliae''
(de Folin, 1872)
References
Bucquoy E., Dautzenberg P. & Dollfus G. (1882-1886). Les mollusques marins du Roussillon. Tome Ier. Gastropodes. Paris, J.B. Baillière & fils 570 p., 66 pl. [pp. 1-40, pl. 1-5, February 1882; pp. 41-84, pl. 6-10, August 1882; pp. 85-135, pl. 11-15, February 1883; pp. 136-196, pl. 16-20, August 1883; pp. 197-222, pl. 21-25, January 1884; pp.223-258, pl. 26-30, February 1884; pp. 259-298, pl. 31-35, August 1884; pp.299-342, pl. 36-40, September 1884; p. 343-386, pl. 41-45, February 1885; p. 387-418, pl. 46-50, August 1885; pp. 419-454, pl. pl. 51-60, January 1886; p. 455-486, pl. 56-60, April 1886; p. 487-570, pl. 61-66, October 1886 * Micali P., Nofroni I. & Perna E. (2012) ''Parthenina alesii n. sp. from Eastern Mediterranean, and notes on Parthenina dantarti (Peñas & Rolán in Peñas, Rolán & Ballesteros, 2008) (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Pyramidellidae).'' Bollettino Malacologico 48(1): 69–72.
* Tore Høisæter (2014) ''The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters''. A taxonomic review; Fauna norvegica 2014 Vol. 34: 7-78.
* Peñas A. & Rolán E. (2017). ''Deep water Pyramidelloidea from the central and South Pacific. The tribe Chrysallidin''i. ECIMAT (Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla), Universidade de Vigo. 412 pp.
External links
Photo of the shell of ''Parthenina interstincta''
{{Taxonbar">from=Q7140227
*
Gastropod genera">Parthenina">*
Gastropod genera