''Parides'', commonly called cattlehearts, is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of swallowtail butterflies in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Papilionidae. They are found in the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

(

Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

). The host plants of their caterpillars are ''

Aristolochia ''Aristolochia'' () is a large plant genus with over 500 species that is the type genus of the family Aristolochiaceae. Its members are commonly known as birthwort, pipevine or Dutchman's pipe and are widespread and occur in the most diverse clim ...

''. The genus includes medium-sized butterflies. The wings are predominantly silky black or dark brown, with bright green, red, or yellow spots (usually green on the forewings and red on the hindwings).Females have white and bright pink spots, the size and number of which vary greatly. Almost all species do not have tails on their hindwings, with the exception of ''Parides gundlachianus'' from Cuba. In some species, the inner edge of the hindwing is expanded like an extra, pale lobe. Like those of many other swallowtails, the caterpillars live on the pipevine genus ''

'',(the pipevine family). The caterpillars absorb toxins from these poisonous plants, ensuring that both the caterpillars and adult butterflies are well protected by the toxin. The characteristic colours signal this to birds. This has led to the species being somewhat very similar to each other (and to some other butterflies) in appearance and difficult or impossible to distinguish in the field.

Species

Listed alphabetically within groups according to Möhn ''et al.'', with annotations according to Wilts ''et al.'' (2014):''Parides''
funet.fi species group: ''ascanius'' (disputed: basal/

plesiomorph In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral Phenotypic trait, character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorph ...

ic?) :*''

Parides agavus ''Parides agavus'', the Agavus Cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Brazil, Paraguay, and north Argentina. The red anal spot of the hindwing very large and z-shaped. The abbreviated white band of the ...

'' (Drury, 1782) :*''

Parides alopius ''Parides alopius'', the white-dotted cattleheart, is an endemic Mexican butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It has also strayed once into the United States in southeastern Arizona.Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003). ''Butterflies of Nort ...

'' (Godman & Salvin,

890 __NOTOC__ Year 890 ( DCCCXC) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 890th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 890th year of the 1st millennium, the 90th year of the 9th century, and the ...

– white-dotted cattleheart :*''

Parides ascanius ''Parides ascanius'', the Fluminense swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to Brazil where it is confined to the municipalities of Atafona ( São João da Barra) and Itaguaí.It is found in subcoastal s ...

'' (Cramer,

775 __NOTOC__ Year 775 ( DCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 775 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe ...

– Fluminense swallowtail :*''

Parides bunichus ''Parides bunichus'' is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. The larva is brownish black, with an oblique white band, extending laterally from the 6th segment to the tubercle on the 7th. ...

'' (Hübner,

821 __NOTOC__ Year 821 (Roman numerals, DCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control over most of the Byzan ...

:*''

Parides gundlachianus ''Parides gundlachianus'', the Cuban cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is an endemic species found only in Cuba. The name honours the Cuban naturalist Juan Gundlach. It is the brightest-coloured American swa ...

'' (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Cuban cattleheart (''anchises'' group?) :*''

Parides montezuma ''Parides montezuma'', the Montezuma's cattleheart, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is native to the Americas. Description The upperside of the wings is black, without a band and with one row of red crescents along the hindwing ma ...

'' (Westwood, 1842) – Montezuma's cattleheart (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''

Parides phalaecus ''Parides phaleucas'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It was described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1869. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Description ''Parides phalaecus'' has a spatulate tail. The body is very hairy and ...

'' (Hewitson, 1869) :*''

Parides photinus ''Parides photinus'', the pink-spotted cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It was first described by Edward Doubleday in 1844. Description ''Parides photinus'' has a wingspan reaching . Adults are black with the h ...

'' (Doubleday, 1844) – pink-spotted cattleheart (basal in ''anchises'' group?) :*''

Parides proneus ''Parides proneus'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Brazil and Paraguay. Description Males and females:both wings with narrow white band, the red submarginal spots of the hindwing straight or slightly curved; ...

'' (Hübner,

831 __NOTOC__ Year 831 (Roman numerals, DCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180)#Period of 780–842, Byzantine–Arab W ...

species group: ''klagesi'' (''

incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'') :*'' Parides klagesi'' (Ehrmann, 1904) species group: ''chabrias'' :*''

Parides chabrias ''Parides chabrias'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Brazil (Amazonas), Ecuador and Peru. It is a woodland species. The female flies slowly near the ground, whilst the male has a swifter flight and generally r ...

'' (Hewitson, 1852) :*''

Parides hahneli ''Parides hahneli'', the Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to Brazil in the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Pará, where it was placed on the list of endangered spe ...

'' (Staudinger, 1882) – Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail :*''

Parides mithras ''Parides mithras'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana and Brazil ( Amazonas). ''Parides mithras'' is very similar to ''Parides chabrias'' but has paler and smaller spots, especi ...

'' (Grose-Smith, 1902) :*''

Parides pizarro ''Parides pizarro'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. Description Abdomen in the male quite black, in the female with a red spot before the apex on the underside. Forewing wi ...

'' (Staudinger, 1884) – formerly ''P. steinbachi'' (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''

Parides quadratus ''Parides quadratus'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Brazil and Peru. Description Forewing long; hindwing in both sexes with a band consisting of yellowish-white spots on the disc close to the cell, and o ...

'' (Staudinger, 1890) :*''

Parides vercingetorix ''Parides vercingetorix'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to French Guiana. Formerly, this species was known as ''Parides coelus'' and originally described as ''Papilio coelus'' by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 18 ...

'' (Oberthür, 1888) – formerly ''P. coelus'' (''ascanius'' group/''incertae sedis''?) species group: ''aeneas'' :*''

Parides aeneas ''Parides aeneas'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm. The larva feeds on '' Aristolochia'' ''burchelli'' and ''A. barbata'' Subspecies *''P. a. aeneas'' Guianas, Surinam *''P. a. bolivar' ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) :*'' Parides aglaope'' (Gray,

853 __NOTOC__ Year 853 ( DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, lo ...

(''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''

Parides burchellanus ''Parides burchellanus'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly (family Papilionidae). It is endemic to Brazil. It is one of only two butterflies on the IUCN's ''100 Most Endangered Species in the World'', the other being '' Actinote zikani''. ...

'' (Westwood, 1872) (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''

Parides echemon ''Parides echemon'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm. It is common and not threatened. Subspecies *''P. e. echemon'' Brazil (Pará) *''P. e. ergeteles'' (Gray, 853 Guianas, French Guian ...

'' (Hübner,

813 Events By place Byzantine Empire * June 22 – Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler ('' khan'') of the Bulgarian Empire, defeat Emperor Michael I near Edirne (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army (26,000 men) is ...

:*''

Parides eurimedes ''Parides eurimedes'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is commonly known as the mylotes cattleheart, Arcas cattleheart, pink-checked cattleheart, and true cattleheart. It is native to the Americas. Subspecies In 2004, Ge ...

'' (Stoll, 782 – pink-checked cattleheart or mylotes cattleheart :*''

Parides lysander ''Parides lysander'', the Lysander cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm. The larvae feed on ''Aristolochia'' species including ''Aristolochia huberiana, A. huberiana'', ''Aristol ...

'' (Cramer,

– Lysander cattleheart (possibly basalmost living species of group) :*''

Parides neophilus ''Parides neophilus'', the spear-winged cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm. The larvae feed on '' Aristolochia trilobata'' and '' Aristolochia colombiana''. Subspecies *''P. ...

'' (Geyer, 1837) – neophilus cattleheart :*''

Parides orellana ''Parides orellana'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm. (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil (Amazonas)). The larvae possibly feed on '' Aristolochia barbata''. Description from Se ...

'' (Hewitson, 1852) (tentatively placed here) :*''

Parides panthonus ''Parides panthonus'', the panthonus cattleheart, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Guianas and Suriname. Subspecies *''P. p. panthonus'' (Suriname, the Guianas) *''P. p. barbotini'' Brévignon, 1998 (eastern French G ...

'' (Cramer,

780 __NOTOC__ Year 780 (Roman numerals, DCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 780th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 780th year of the 1st millennium, the 80th year of the 8th c ...

– panthonus cattleheart (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''

Parides tros ''Parides tros'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm where it is endemic to Brazil. The larva feeds on ''Aristolochia'' species including '' A. rumicifolia'', '' A. cynanchifolia'' (''P. t. ...

'' (Fabricius, 1793) :*''

Parides zacynthus ''Parides zacynthus'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical realm where it is endemic to Eastern Brazil. The larvae feed on ''Aristolochia'' species (including ''Aristolochia macroura'', ''Aristolo ...

'' (Fabricius, 1793) species group: ''sesostris'' (sister to ''aeneas'' and/or ''anchises'' group/s?) :*'' Parides childrenae'' (Gray, 1832) – green-celled cattleheart :*'' Parides sesostris'' (Cramer,

779 __NOTOC__ Year 779 ( DCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 779 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europ ...

– emerald-patched cattleheart species group: ''anchises'' :*'' Parides anchises'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Anchises cattleheart :*'' Parides cutorina'' (Staudinger, 1898) (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*'' Parides erithalion'' (Boisduval, 1836) – variable cattleheart :*'' Parides iphidamas'' (Fabricius, 1793) – Transandean cattleheart :*'' Parides panares'' (Gray,

– wedge-spotted cattleheart :*'' Parides phosphorus'' (H.W. Bates, 1861) (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*'' Parides vertumnus'' (Cramer,

References

*Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004). ''Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea''. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL. *Jeffrey Glassberg (2007). ''A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico and Central America''. Sunstreak Books Inc. *Tommaso Racheli, Luca Olmisani (1998). A cladistic analysis of the genus ''Parides'' Hubner,

819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 ( DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis I marries Judith of Bavaria in Aachen.Rogers, Barbara, Bernhard W. Scholz, and Nithard ...

based on androconial structures (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). ''Neue Ent. Nachr''. (Marktleuthen),41:119-13
pdf
*Edwin Möhn, 2006 ''Schmetterlinge der Erde'', Butterflies of the world Part XXVI (26), Papilionidae XIII. ''Parides''. Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books. (Supplement 13 in English - by Racheli) *Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1906). A revision of the American Papilios. ''Novitates Zoologicae'' 13: 411-752
online
(and as pdf) (Facsimile edition ed. P.H. Arnaud, 1967).

External links

Photographs of

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specimens.
Parides MNH
* Papilionidae of South America Butterfly genera Taxa named by Jacob Hübner Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{papilionidae-stub