''Pareledone'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
octopus
An octopus (: octopuses or octopodes) is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (, ). The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like oth ...
es in the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Megaleledonidae
Megaleledonidae is a family of octopuses in the superfamily Octopodoidea. It was formerly placed in the family Octopodidae ''sensu lato'' as the subfamily Megaleledoninae but more recent studies have raised this taxon as a valid family. Megalel ...
.
Species
* ''
Pareledone adelieana''
(Berry
A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the cul ...
, 1917)
* ''
Pareledone aequipapillae''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone albimaculata''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone antarctica''
( Thiele, 1920) *
* ''
Pareledone aurata
''Pareledone'' is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.
Species
* '' Pareledone adelieana'' (Berry, 1917)
* '' Pareledone aequipapillae'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone albimaculata'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone antarctica'' ( Th ...
''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone charcoti
''Pareledone'' is a genus of octopuses in the family (biology), family Megaleledonidae.
Species
* ''Pareledone adelieana'' (S. Stillman Berry, Berry, 1917)
* ''Pareledone aequipapillae'' Allcock, 2005
* ''Pareledone albimaculata'' Allcock, 2005
...
''
(Joubin, 1905)
* ''
Pareledone cornuta''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone felix''
Allcock, Strugnell, Prodohl, Piatkowski & Vecchione, 2007
* ''
Pareledone framensis''
(Lu & Stranks, 1994)
* ''
Pareledone harrissoni''
(Berry, 1917)
* ''
Pareledone panchroma''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone polymorpha''
(Robson, 1930)
* ''
Pareledone prydzensis
''Pareledone'' is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.
Species
* '' Pareledone adelieana'' (Berry, 1917)
* '' Pareledone aequipapillae'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone albimaculata'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone antarctica'' ( Thi ...
''
(Lu & Stranks, 1994 )
* ''
Pareledone serperastrata
''Pareledone'' is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.
Species
* '' Pareledone adelieana'' (Berry, 1917)
* '' Pareledone aequipapillae'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone albimaculata'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone antarctica'' ( Thi ...
''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone subtilis
''Pareledone'' is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.
Species
* '' Pareledone adelieana'' (Berry, 1917)
* '' Pareledone aequipapillae'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone albimaculata'' Allcock, 2005
* '' Pareledone antarctica'' ( Thi ...
''
Allcock, 2005
* ''
Pareledone turqueti''
( Joubin, 1905), Turquet's octopus
The species listed above with an asterisk (
*) are questionable and need further study to determine if they are valid species or synonyms.
RNA editing
Some octopuses exhibit the ability to alter speeds of sodium and potassium ion movement across cell membranes, allowing them to live in very cold water. Researchers at the
University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Universidad de Puerto Rico;'' often shortened to UPR) is the main List of state and territorial universities in the United States, public university system in the Commonwealth (U.S. i ...
's Institute of Neurobiology found that a member of the ''Pareledone'' genus collected from
McMurdo Station, Antarctica could speed up the gating kinetics of its
potassium channel
Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of ...
s in cold water to keep up with sodium ion exchange, whose channel is less temperature sensitive. This alteration in the rate of opening is accomplished through
RNA editing
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms ...
, in which specific deamination of an adenosine
nucleotide
Nucleotides are Organic compound, organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both o ...
to inosine results in a change in a single amino acid in the potassium channel's voltage sensor, destabilizing the open state. They are now looking into whether individuals can alter their protein synthesis in response to changing temperatures, or if this change occurs species-wide, over long-term adaptations.
If changes are possible by the individual, these octopuses might be able to adapt quickly to changing climate scenarios.
References
External links
*
Octopodidae
Cephalopod genera
{{octopus-stub