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''Parantica aglea'', commonly known as the glassy tiger, is a butterfly found in the
Additionally, the first interspace of the upperside forewing has two relatively long, broad streaks that unite at the base and are truncated outwardly. The cell contains a very broad, somewhat club-shaped streak, traversed by two fine black lines. Interspaces 2 and 3 display basal spots, an irregular discal series of three spots and two elongated streaks, as well as a subterminal series of spots. These two series curve inward opposite the apex of the wing, with the latter continuing along the apical half of the costa. Finally, a terminal row of smaller paired spots appears within the interspaces.
On the hindwing, interspaces 1a and 1b exhibit broad, long streaks extending from the base. Interspace 1 and the cell each contain two streaks that unite at the base, with the pair in the cell having a short streak positioned obliquely between their apices. This is followed by a series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed spots in interspaces 2–8, and then by somewhat irregular rows of subterminal and terminal spots. The underside is similar, although the markings and spots are sometimes slightly ill-defined and blurred.
The antennae are black; the head and thorax are black with white spots, and the abdomen is blackish-brown with an ochraceous underside. A male secondary sex mark is present in form 2.
File:Glassy Tiger Egg 2.jpg, Egg
File:Glassy Tiger larva in first instar .jpg, Larva (first instar)
File:Glassy Tiger Larva in Last Instar.jpg, Larva (last instar)
File:Glassy Tiger Pre-Pupal Larva.jpg, Pre-pupal Larva
File:Glassy Tiger Butterfly's Pupa.jpg, Pupa
File:Glassy Tiger Newely Emerged Butterfly.jpg, Newly-emerged butterfly
Indomalayan realm
The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.
Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...
. The species is a member of the Danainae
Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. The group may be referred to as the Danaids (reflecting their previous rank as a family) or milkweed butterflies, as they often lay their eggs on various milkweed ...
subfamily of the Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species ha ...
family.
Description
Twosubspecies
In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...
are recognized, but neither form shows consistent markings or habitat preferences. In the British Museum
The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
's collection, there are specimens of the true ''Parantica aglea aglea'' from Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
, as well as others, indistinguishable from the typical ''Parantica aglea melanoides'', from Mysore
Mysore ( ), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Mysore district and Mysore division. As the traditional seat of the Wadiyar dynasty, the city functioned as the capital of the ...
.
Subspecies ''Parantica aglea aglea''
The ground color of this species is a sooty black, with subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. On the forewing, the 11th vein is fused with the 12th.
Additionally, the first interspace of the upperside forewing has two relatively long, broad streaks that unite at the base and are truncated outwardly. The cell contains a very broad, somewhat club-shaped streak, traversed by two fine black lines. Interspaces 2 and 3 display basal spots, an irregular discal series of three spots and two elongated streaks, as well as a subterminal series of spots. These two series curve inward opposite the apex of the wing, with the latter continuing along the apical half of the costa. Finally, a terminal row of smaller paired spots appears within the interspaces.
On the hindwing, interspaces 1a and 1b exhibit broad, long streaks extending from the base. Interspace 1 and the cell each contain two streaks that unite at the base, with the pair in the cell having a short streak positioned obliquely between their apices. This is followed by a series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed spots in interspaces 2–8, and then by somewhat irregular rows of subterminal and terminal spots. The underside is similar, although the markings and spots are sometimes slightly ill-defined and blurred.
The antennae are black; the head and thorax are black with white spots, and the abdomen is blackish-brown with an ochraceous underside. A male secondary sex mark is present in form 2.
Subspecies ''Parantica aglea melanoides''
The differences between the northern and eastern forms are as follows: the wings are generally longer and narrower, with hyaline markings, especially in interspace 1 of the forewing and in the cells of both forewing and hindwing, being much broader. In many specimens, the black ground color in these areas is reduced to a thin black line enclosed within the subhyaline marking. On the underside, the streaks are often blurred and diffuse. The wingspan ranges from 70 to 100 mm.Distribution
The subspecies ''Parantica aglea aglea'' is found inSri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
and the Western Ghats, extending north to Pune
Pune ( ; , ISO 15919, ISO: ), previously spelled in English as Poona (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1978), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan plateau in Western ...
and the Niligiris.
''Parantica aglea melanoides'' is distributed across the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, as well as in the Sylhet
Sylhet (; ) is a Metropolis, metropolitan city in the north eastern region of Bangladesh. It serves as the administrative center for both the Sylhet District and the Sylhet Division. The city is situated on the banks of the Surma River and, as o ...
and Chittagong
Chittagong ( ), officially Chattogram, (, ) (, or ) is the second-largest city in Bangladesh. Home to the Port of Chittagong, it is the busiest port in Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal. The city is also the business capital of Bangladesh. It ...
regions of Bangladesh, in Assam
Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
, India, in Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
, and in Tenasserim.
Life cycle
Food plants
The dogbanes '' Vincetoxicum bracteatum'' and ''Vincetoxicum dalzellii
''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...
'' both serve as food plants for the caterpillars.
Eggs
White, pearl-shapedegg
An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the ...
s are laid on the undersides of leaves and hatch after about three days.
Larva
The caterpillar is dark claret brown, featuring two round chrome-yellow spots on each segment, with smaller bluish-white spots scattered between them, clustering to form a conspicuous line along the sides. The legs and ventral surface are purplish-black, while the tentacula, positioned as usual on the 3rd and 12th segments, are claret brown. The plants that host ''Parantica aglea'' larvae include ''Calotropis gigantea
''Calotropis gigantea'', the crown flower, is a species of '' Calotropis'' native to Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Pakistan, and Nepal.
It is a large shrub growing to tal ...
'', ''Ceropegia bulbosa
''Ceropegia'' is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his ''Genera plantarum'', which appeared in 1737. Linnaeus referr ...
'', Ceropegia lawii
''Ceropegia'' is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his ''Genera plantarum'', which appeared in 1737. Linnaeus referr ...
'', Cryptolepis dubia
''Cryptolepis dubia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (, from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly ...
'', ''Vincetoxicum indicum
''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...
'', and ''Vincetoxicum flexuosum
''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...
''.
Pupa
The pupae of ''Parantica aglea'' are green and spotted with silver, black, and gold, and they have a very tight shape behind thethorax
The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.
In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main di ...
.Range
The species is found in the Western Ghats mountains, northeasternIndia
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
, and the Malay Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Tha ...
.
See also
*Danainae
Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. The group may be referred to as the Danaids (reflecting their previous rank as a family) or milkweed butterflies, as they often lay their eggs on various milkweed ...
*Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species ha ...
*List of butterflies of India
The following is a list of the butterflies of India.
India has extremely diverse terrain, climate and vegetation, which comprises extremes of heat cold, desert and jungle, of low-lying plains and the highest mountains, of dryness and dampness, is ...
*List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)
This is a list of the butterflies of India belonging to the family Nymphalidae and an index to the species articles. This forms part of the full List of butterflies of India.
Danainae (26 spp)
See List of butterflies of India (Danainae).
Morphi ...
References
External links
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Parantica Aglea A Butterflies of Asia Butterflies of Indochina Insects of Myanmar Lepidoptera of Nepal Butterflies of Sri Lanka Taxa named by Caspar Stoll Butterflies described in 1782