''Parakysis'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

catfish Catfish (or catfishes; order (biology), order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Catfish are common name, named for their prominent barbel (anatomy), barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, though not ...

es (

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Siluriformes) of the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Akysidae The stream catfishes comprise the family Akysidae of catfishes. Distribution and habitat Akysids are known from across a large area in Southeast Asia. They are found in fresh water. Fish of the subfamily Parakysinae are primarily found in the Mal ...

. It includes six

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

Distribution

''Parakysis'' species are found in small forest streams of Sundaic

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

. ''P. anomalopteryx'' originates from the

Kapuas River The Kapuas River ( Old Indonesian spelling: Kapoeas River) is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At in length, it is the longest river on the island of Borneo, the longest ri ...

basin in western Borneo. ''P. grandis'' inhabits the Kapuas and Kuching River basins in Borneo and Deli, Indragiri, and Batang Hari basins in

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

. ''P. longirostris'' is distributed in

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia, historically known as Malaya and also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, is the western part of Malaysia that comprises the southern part of the Malay Peninsula on Mainland Southeast Asia and the list of isla ...

, and the

Riau Archipelago The Riau Archipelago is a ''geographic'' term (as opposed to administrative region) for the core group of islands within the Riau Islands Province in Indonesia, and located south of Singapore and east of Riau on Sumatra. Before the province of Ri ...

. ''P. verrucosus'' is known from Peninsular Malaysia and the Riau Archipelago. The discovery of ''P. notialis'' in 2003 expanded the known range of ''Parakysis'' species to the

Barito River The Barito River is the second longest river in Borneo, Indonesia after the Kapuas River with a total length of and a drainage basin of over in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It originates in the Müller Mountain Range, from where it flows ...

basin in southern Borneo.

Description

They are cryptically colored fishes that have a highly

rugose Rugose means "wrinkled". It may refer to: * Rugosa, an extinct order of coral, whose rugose shape earned it the name * Rugose, adjectival form of rugae Species with "rugose" in their names * ''Idiosoma nigrum'', more commonly, a black rugose tra ...

skin with

tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projectio ...

s all over the body, branched mandibular barbels, a long, low adipose ridge, and a forked

caudal fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported only ...

. ''Parakysis'' species characteristically have pigmented tubercles and lateral lobes of the lower lip. They are also distinguished from '' Akysis'' by well-developed barbels, absence of teeth on the

palatine A palatine or palatinus (Latin; : ''palatini''; cf. derivative spellings below) is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman Empire, Roman times.

, non-serrated

pectoral Pectoral may refer to: * The chest region and anything relating to it. * Pectoral cross, a cross worn on the chest * a decorative, usually jeweled version of a gorget * Pectoral (Ancient Egypt), a type of jewelry worn in ancient Egypt * Pectora ...

and dorsal spines, and the apparent absent of the

lateral line The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelia ...

. They range in size from 2.0–6.2 centimetres (.8–2.4 in) SL.

Ecology

''P. anomalopteryx'' is found in small forest streams. ''P. longirostris'' is nocturnal and occurs in clumps of vegetation in streams with flowing waters. It is sympatric with ''P. verrucosus.'' ''P. verrucosus'' is found in primary

peat Peat is an accumulation of partially Decomposition, decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, Moorland, moors, or muskegs. ''Sphagnum'' moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most ...

streams with dense litter falls.

Species

* '' Parakysis anomalopteryx'' Roberts, 1989 * ''

Parakysis grandis ''Parakysis grandis'' is a species of catfish of the family Akysidae. A detailed discussion of this species's relationship with the other member of its genus can be found at ''Parakysis''. Akysidae Fish described in 1995 {{Siluriformes-stub ...

'' Ng & Lim, 1995 * '' Parakysis hystriculus'' Ng, 2009 * '' Parakysis longirostris'' Ng & Lim, 1995 (Longnose little warty catfish) * '' Parakysis notialis'' Ng & Kottelat, 2003 * '' Parakysis verrucosus'' Herre, 1940

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6556317 Akysidae Fish of Southeast Asia Fish of Indonesia Fish of Malaysia Catfish genera Taxa named by Albert William Herre Freshwater fish genera