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In geometry, the Pappus chain is a ring of circles between two tangent circles investigated by Pappus of Alexandria in the 3rd century AD.
The height ''h''''n'' of the center of the ''n''th circle above the base diameter ACB equals ''n'' times ''d''''n''.Ogilvy, pp. 54–55. This may be shown by inverting in a circle centered on the tangent point A. The circle of inversion is chosen to intersect the ''n''th circle perpendicularly, so that the ''n''th circle is transformed into itself. The two arbelos circles, ''C''U and ''C''V, are transformed into parallel lines tangent to and sandwiching the ''n''th circle; hence, the other circles of the Pappus chain are transformed into similarly sandwiched circles of the same diameter. The initial circle ''C''0 and the final circle ''C''''n'' each contribute ½''d''''n'' to the height ''h''''n'', whereas the circles ''C''1–''C''''n''−1 each contribute ''d''''n''. Adding these contributions together yields the equation ''h''''n'' = ''n'' ''d''''n''.
The same inversion can be used to show that the points where the circles of the Pappus chain are tangent to one another lie on a common circle. As noted above, the inversion centered at point A transforms the arbelos circles ''C''U and ''C''V into two parallel lines, and the circles of the Pappus chain into a stack of equally sized circles sandwiched between the two parallel lines. Hence, the points of tangency between the transformed circles lie on a line midway between the two parallel lines. Undoing the inversion in the circle, this line of tangent points is transformed back into a circle.
In geometry, the Pappus chain is a ring of circles between two tangent circles investigated by Pappus of Alexandria in the 3rd century AD.
Construction
The arbelos is defined by two circles, ''C''U and ''C''V, which are tangent at the point A and where ''C''U is enclosed by ''C''V. Let the radii of these two circles be denoted as ''r''U and ''r''V, respectively, and let their respective centers be the points U and V. The Pappus chain consists of the circles in the shaded grey region, which are externally tangent to ''C''U (the inner circle) and internally tangent to ''C''V (the outer circle). Let the radius, diameter and center point of the ''n''th circle of the Pappus chain be denoted as ''r''''n'', ''d''''n'' and P''n'', respectively.Properties
Centers of the circles
Ellipse
All the centers of the circles in the Pappus chain are located on a commonellipse
In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focus (geometry), focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant. It generalizes a circle, which is the special ty ...
, for the following reason. The sum of the distances from the ''n''th circle of the Pappus chain to the two centers U and V of the arbelos circles equals a constant
:
Thus, the foci of this ellipse are U and V, the centers of the two circles that define the arbelos; these points correspond to the midpoints of the line segments AB and AC, respectively.
Coordinates
If ''r'' = ''AC''/''AB'', then the center of the ''n''th circle in the chain is: :Radii of the circles
If ''r'' = ''AC''/''AB'', then the radius of the ''n''th circle in the chain is: :Circle inversion
The height ''h''''n'' of the center of the ''n''th circle above the base diameter ACB equals ''n'' times ''d''''n''.Ogilvy, pp. 54–55. This may be shown by inverting in a circle centered on the tangent point A. The circle of inversion is chosen to intersect the ''n''th circle perpendicularly, so that the ''n''th circle is transformed into itself. The two arbelos circles, ''C''U and ''C''V, are transformed into parallel lines tangent to and sandwiching the ''n''th circle; hence, the other circles of the Pappus chain are transformed into similarly sandwiched circles of the same diameter. The initial circle ''C''0 and the final circle ''C''''n'' each contribute ½''d''''n'' to the height ''h''''n'', whereas the circles ''C''1–''C''''n''−1 each contribute ''d''''n''. Adding these contributions together yields the equation ''h''''n'' = ''n'' ''d''''n''.
The same inversion can be used to show that the points where the circles of the Pappus chain are tangent to one another lie on a common circle. As noted above, the inversion centered at point A transforms the arbelos circles ''C''U and ''C''V into two parallel lines, and the circles of the Pappus chain into a stack of equally sized circles sandwiched between the two parallel lines. Hence, the points of tangency between the transformed circles lie on a line midway between the two parallel lines. Undoing the inversion in the circle, this line of tangent points is transformed back into a circle.
Steiner chain
In these properties of having centers on an ellipse and tangencies on a circle, the Pappus chain is analogous to the Steiner chain, in which finitely many circles are tangent to two circles.References
Bibliography
* * * *External links
* *{{cite web, last=Tan, first=Stephen, title=Arbelos, url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m308/projects/tan/html/home.html Arbelos Inversive geometry Circle packing