Pannonia Inferior, lit. Lower Pannonia, was a

province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

of the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

. Its capital was

Sirmium Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia, located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous province of Serbia. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyrians ...

. It was one of the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor

Trajan Trajan ( ; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier ...

who divided the former province of

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, on the west by Noricum and upper Roman Italy, Italy, and on the southward by Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia and upper Moesia. It ...

into two parts:

Pannonia Superior Pannonia Superior () was a Roman province created from the division of Pannonia in 103 AD, its capital in Carnuntum. It overlapped in territory with modern-day Hungary, Croatia, Austria, Slovakia, and Slovenia. History It was as governor of the ...

and Pannonia Inferior. The province included parts of present-day states of

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

, and

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...

. The province was bordered to the east (across the Danube) by a Sarmatian tribe—the

Iazyges The Iazyges () were an ancient Sarmatians, Sarmatian tribe that traveled westward in 200BC from Central Asia to the steppes of modern Ukraine. In , they moved into modern-day Hungary and Serbia near the Pannonian steppe between the Danube ...

. Later, the

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vand ...

appeared to the north-east.

Settlements

Major settlements in Pannonia Inferior included: * ''

'' (

Sremska Mitrovica Sremska Mitrovica (; sr-Cyrl, Сремска Митровица, ) is a List of cities in Serbia, city in Serbia. It is situated on the left bank of the Sava, Sava river. , the city has a total population of 36,764 inhabitants, while its adminis ...

) which several times served as an imperial residence for several emperors. * '' Aquincum'' (

Buda Buda (, ) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the western bank of the Danube. Historically, “Buda” referred only to the royal walled city on Castle Hill (), which was constructed by Béla IV between 1247 and ...

), the provincial capital. * ''Cuccium'' ( Ilok) * ''Cibalae'' (

Vinkovci Vinkovci () is a city in Slavonia, in the Vukovar-Syrmia County in eastern Croatia. The city settlement's population was 28,111 in the 2021 census, while the total population was 30,842, making it the largest town of the county. It is a local tr ...

) * ''Mursa'' ( Osijek) * ''Certissa'' ( Đakovo) * ''Marsonia'' (

Slavonski Brod Slavonski Brod (, ), commonly shortened to simply Brod, is a city in eastern Croatia, near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Being one of the principal cities in the historical regions of Slavonia and Posavina, Slavonski Brod is the 7th lar ...

) * ''Sopianae'' (

Pécs Pécs ( , ; ; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Päťkostolie''; also known by #Name, alternative names) is List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, the fifth largest city in Hungary, on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the c ...

)

Aftermath and legacy

The province was yet again split during the reign of the tetrarchs into two more provinces, Pannonia Valeria in the north, with the new provincial capital at Sopianae, and Pannonia Secunda in the south with

as the provincial capital. During the Frankish period, in the 9th century, the term Lower Pannonia was used to designate eastern and southern regions of Pannonia, including the Slavic Principality of Lower Pannonia, particularly Posavina.

List of Roman governors

* Publius Aelius Hadrianus 106-108 * Titus Julius Maximus Manlianus 108-110/111 * Publius Afranius Flavianus 111/112-114/115 * Quintus Marcius Turbo 117/118-118/119 * Lucius Cornelius Latinianus 119-121? * Lucius Attius Macro 130/131-133/134 * Nonius Mucianus 135 * Lucius Aelius Caesar 136-137 * Claudius Maximus 137-c. 141 * Marcus Pontius Laelianus Larcius Sabinus c. 141-c. 144 * Quintus Fuficius Cornutus c. 144-147 * Marcus Cominius Secundus 147-c. 150 * Marcus Nonius Macrinus c. 150-c. 153 * Marcus Iallius Bassus Fabius Valerianus c. 156-c. 159 * Gaius Julius Geminius Capellianus c. 159-c. 161 * Tiberius Haterius Saturninus c. 161-164 * Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus c. 167 * Lucius Ulpius Marcellus before 173 * Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes c. 173-175 * Sextus Quintilius Condianus c. 175-c. 179 * Lucius Septimius Flaccus c. 179-c. 183 * Lucius Cornelius Felix Plotianus c. 183-185 * Gaius Pomponius Bassus Terentianus 192 * Gaius Valerius Pudens c. 192-c. 194 * Tiberius Claudius Claudianus c. 197/198 * Lucius Baebius Caecilianus 199-202 * Lucius Cassius Marcellinus between 202 and 204 * Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus c. 211/212 * Gaius Octavius Appius Suetonius Sabinus c. 215/216 * Lucius Alfenus Avitianus between 218 and 222 * Marcius Claudius Agrippa c. 217 * Triccianus 217-218 * Pontius Proculus Pontianus c. 219-222 * Flavius Aelianus c. 228 * Iasdius Domitianus between 222 and 235 * Flavius Marcianus between 230 and 235 * Lucius Ulpius Marcellus c.262-c.264

References

Sources

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External links