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(archaic form: , Jawi: ) a military title used in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
and
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
, and historically in the
Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
. It means 'a commander of a body of troops' deriving from , a long-obsolete word for 'hand'. In the past it is used to call some prominent military leaders in
Malay world The Malay world or Malay realm (Indonesian language, Indonesian/Malay language, Malay: or ) is a concept or an expression that has been used by different authors and groups over time to denote several different notions, derived from varied in ...
. The prominent
Malacca Malacca (), officially the Historic State of Malacca (), is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state in Malaysia located in the Peninsular Malaysia#Other features, southern region of the Malay Peninsula, facing the Strait of Malacca ...
and succeeding
Johor Johor, also spelled Johore,'' is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula. It borders with Pahang, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the north. Johor has maritime borders with Singapore ...
Sultanates place the position of a as below that of a .
Walter William Skeat Walter William Skeat, (21 November 18356 October 1912) was a British philologist and Anglican deacon. The pre-eminent British philologist of his time, he was instrumental in developing the English language as a higher education subject in th ...
writes that
Semang The Semang are an ethnic-minority group of the Malay Peninsula. They live in mountainous and isolated forest regions of Perak, Pahang, Kelantan and Kedah of Malaysia and the southern provinces of Thailand. The Semang are among the different eth ...
tribes north of Malay Peninsula are often headed by
shaman Shamanism is a spiritual practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into ...
s () also titled . In modern times it is reserved for the chiefs of the armed forces of
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
and
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
and some other posts.


Use in Indonesia


As stipulated in article 10 of
Indonesian Constitution The 1945 Constitution of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (, commonly abbreviated as ''UUD 1945'' or ''UUD '45'') is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia. The constitution was written in June–August 1945, in the ...
, the
President of Indonesia The president of the Republic of Indonesia () is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the commander-in-chief of the ...
is the Supreme Commander of Indonesian Armed Forces (). Essentially it is parallel to the title 'Commander-in-Chief' in other countries, ''e.g.'' the United States. During the Old Order era, this title is included into many honorific titles that were often mentioned each time
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
's name was written or read in speeches, edicts, or news.


In
Indonesian National Armed Forces The Indonesian National Armed Forces (; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Indonesian Army, Army (''TNI-AD''), Indonesian Navy, Navy (''TNI-AL''), and Indonesian Air Force, Air Force ('' ...
, the highest position overseeing the three branches—Army, Navy, and Air Force—is known as the ('
Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces The Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (, known as Panglima TNI) is the professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Directly answerable to the president of Indonesia (the supreme commande ...
'). Before the National Police separated from the Armed Forces in 2000, the organization comprised four branches and was known as (ABRI). This included the TNI and the Police. The commander of the Armed Forces at that time was referred to as the , commonly abbreviated as . According to the revised Constitution, the is appointed by the
president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television *'' Præsident ...
, but the appointment must first be confirmed by the
House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ...
. Prior to the 2002 constitutional amendment, the president held the prerogative to appoint or dismiss the at their discretion.


The honorific title , meaning 'Grand Commander' was informally bestowed upon
Sudirman Sudirman (; 24 January 1916 – 29 January 1950) was an Indonesian military officer and revolutionary during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Born in Purbalingga, Dutch East Ind ...
, the first Commander of the
Armed Forces A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a ...
and a key leader of guerilla war during
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during A ...
(1945–1949).


Other military uses

The title is widely used across various branches and formations within the Indonesian Armed Forces, signifying its importance in military leadership roles:


Army

*The commander of
Kostrad The Army Strategic Reserve Command (; abbreviated Kostrad) is a combined-arms formation of the Indonesian Army. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has up to 35,000 troops. It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and con ...
, a strategic reserve command within the Army, is referred to as the . Notably, the first Panglima Kostrad was
Suharto Suharto (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Officer (armed forces), military officer and politician, and dictator, who was the second and longest serving president of Indonesia, serving from 1967 to 1998. His 32 years rule, cha ...
, who later became the
President of Indonesia The president of the Republic of Indonesia () is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the commander-in-chief of the ...
(1968–1998), followed by
Umar Wirahadikusumah Umar Wirahadikusumah (; 10 October 1924 – 21 March 2003) was an Indonesian people, Indonesian politician and former Indonesian Army, army general, who served as the fourth vice president of Indonesia, serving from 1983 until 1988. Previously, ...
, who went on to serve as the Vice President of Indonesia (1983–1988). *The commanders of the 15 Regional Military Commands ( or ) are known as ().


Navy

*The commanders of the three Fleet Commands () hold the title (). *The highest position in the Military Sea-lift Command ( or ) is held by the .


Air Force

*The commanders of the three Air Force Operations Commands ( or ) are titled .


Past usage

Upon the formation of the
Fourth Working Cabinet The Fourth Working Cabinet () was an Indonesian cabinet that resulted from regrouping of the previous cabinet by President Sukarno. It consisted of three deputy prime ministers, eight coordinating ministers, 33 ministers, six ministers of state, a ...
on 19 November 1963, the title was used for the commanders of each branch of the Indonesian Armed Forces.Aside from the three branches - Army, Navy, Air Force -
Indonesian National Police The Indonesian National Police (, abbreviated as POLRI) is the national law enforcement and police force of the Republic of Indonesia. Founded on 1 July 1946, it was formerly a part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, country's military si ...
was included in the Armed Forces since 1962 until it was excluded again in 2004.
These commanders were also members of the Cabinet and were therefore given the title (Minister), appointed directly by the President. Their titles were as follows: * Minister/Commander of the Army (, abbreviated ) * Minister/Commander of the Navy (, abbreviated ) * Minister/Commander of the Air Force (, abbreviated ) * Minister/Commander of the Police (, abbreviated ) This practice was discontinued during the New Order era, when the title was replaced with (Chief of Staff) for the commanders of the three military branches and for the Chief of the National Police. Additionally, until January 2022, the National Air Defence Forces Command ( or ) also used the title for its highest position, , as well as for the commanders of each Air Defense Sector ( or ).


Use in Malaysia


In the
Malaysian Armed Forces The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ; Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active personnel is 113,000 ...
(), the highest position overseeing the branches—Army, Navy, and Air Force—is called the (officially translated as "'Chief of Defence Force'").


Each branch of the
Malaysian Armed Forces The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ; Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active personnel is 113,000 ...
is headed by a . Chief of Army is known as the , the Chief of Navy as the , and the Chief of Air Force as the . Each of these branches also has a deputy commander, titled (Deputy Chief).


Other uses

The term 'Panglima' is also used in several titles within the orders and decorations of Malaysia, such as (P.M.N), (P.S.M.), (P.J.N.), and (P.S.D.). Additionally, PASKAL,
Royal Malaysian Navy The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN, ; Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ) is the naval arm of the Malaysian Armed Forces. RMN is the main agency responsible for the country's maritime surveillance and defence operations. RMN's area of operation consists of 603,2 ...
's special operation force, is also referred to as .


Other usage

* Panglima Estino - 5th class municipality in the province of
Sulu Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu (Tausug language, Tausūg: ''Wilaya' sin Lupa' Sūg''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago. It was part of the Bangsamoro, Bangsamoro Autonomous R ...
,
Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
. * Panglima Sugala - 3rd class municipality in the province of
Tawi-Tawi Tawi-Tawi, officially the Province of Tawi-Tawi ( Tausug: ''Wilaya' sin Tawi-Tawi''; Sinama: ''Jawi Jawi/Jauih Jauih''; ), is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capit ...
, Philippines. * RSS ''Panglima'' - was the first ship of the
Republic of Singapore Navy The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) is the Naval warfare, maritime Military branch, service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for defending the country against any seaborne threats and as a guarantor of its sea lines of ...
. Naval Military Experts Institute, co-located in Changi Naval Base, is named RSS ''Panglima'' in honour of the first ship of the navy.


See also

*
Penghulu ( Jawi: ; also ) is the headman or chief of a region in traditional societies in the Malay Archipelago. The term is currently used in Brunei and Malaysia as the community leader of the smaller country subdivision or settlement. Etymology The wor ...
*
Indonesian National Armed Forces The Indonesian National Armed Forces (; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Indonesian Army, Army (''TNI-AD''), Indonesian Navy, Navy (''TNI-AL''), and Indonesian Air Force, Air Force ('' ...
*
Malaysian Armed Forces The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ; Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active personnel is 113,000 ...
*
Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia The orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia comprise a complex system by which Malaysians and qualified foreigners are honoured by the country's sovereign for actions or deeds that benefit their community or the country at large. Modelled o ...


Notes


References

* Bachtiar, Harsja W. ''Siapa Dia?: Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (Who is He?: Senior Officers of the Indonesian Army)'', Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta, 1988, {{ISBN, 979-428-100-X * Poerwadarminta, W. J. S. ''Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia'', Balai Pustaka, 1986 * Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. ''30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka (30 Years of Indonesian Independence) 1965–1973'', 6th reprint, 1985


External links


Official Website of TNI

Official Website of the Department of Defense

Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters Website

Royal Malaysian awards and decorations
Malay language Military of Indonesia Military history of Indonesia Military of Malaysia Titles