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The Panji tales are a
cycle Cycle, cycles, or cyclic may refer to: Anthropology and social sciences * Cyclic history, a theory of history * Cyclical theory, a theory of American political history associated with Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. * Social cycle, various cycles in ...
of Javanese stories, centred around the legendary prince of the same name (actually a title) from
East Java East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern ...
,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. Along with the
Ramayana The ''Ramayana'' (; ), also known as ''Valmiki Ramayana'', as traditionally attributed to Valmiki, is a smriti text (also described as a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic) from ancient India, one of the two important epics ...
and
Mahabharata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kuru ...
, the tales are the basis of various poems, sculpture and painting, dance-drama performances and genres of
wayang ( , ) is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian island of Java. The term refers both to the show as a whole and the puppet in particular. Performances of wayang puppet theatre are accompanied by a ''gamel ...
(shadow puppetry), especially the one known in East and Central Java as ''wayang gedhog'' (the meaning here is unclear, as "gedhog" means "a thumping sound"). Panji tales have been the inspiration of Indonesian traditional dances, most notably the topeng (mask) dances of
Cirebon Cirebon (, formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central J ...
, Central Java and Malang, as well as
gambuh () is an ancient form of Balinese dance-drama. It is accompanied by musicians in a gamelan ''gambuh'' ensemble. History ''Gambuh'' is one of the oldest surviving forms in Balinese performing arts, dating to the late Majapahit era (ca. 15th c ...
dance-drama in Bali. Especially in the environs of Kediri, part of the probable homeland of the tales of Panji, local stories grew and were connected with the obscure legendary figure of Totok Kerot. Panji tales have spread from
East Java East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern ...
(
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
) to be a fertile source for literature and drama throughout Indochina Peninsula (a region that includes modern-day
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
,
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,
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,
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,
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).


Origin

The name Panji is actually a Javanese title, literally meaning 'banner' or 'flag'. In these romances, Panji is said to carry deeds traditionally ascribed to mythical ancestors, and it has also been conjectured by Dutch anthropologists that the basis of the story reflects an ancient sun and moon myth. Based on literary references and later Javanese traditions, early twentieth-century scholars conjectured that the figure of Panji may be based on Kameçvara, a twelfth-century Javanese king of Kediri, while the details of Panji's betrothed, Candra Kirana, was based on queen Çri Kirana. Coomaraswamy (1985), p. 207. This theory is based on the
kakawin Kakawin are long narrative poems composed in Old Javanese, also called "'' Kawi''", written in verse form with rhythms and meters derived from Sanskrit literature. Poets used a formalized literary language, rather than the vernacular. Poets ...
Smaradhana ''Smaradahana'', also known as ''Smaradhana'', ''Asmaradhana'', ''Asmaradahana'', ''Asmaradana'', ''Asmarandhana'', or ''Asmarandana'' is an old Javanese poem (''kakawin'') written by Mpu Dharmaja as the eulogy for King Kameshwara, Kameçvara o ...
, the work of the poet Mpu Dharmaja in the early 12th century. That narrative tells of the burning of the love god
Kamajaya Karkono Partokusumo (23 November 1915 – 5 July 2003), better known by the pen name Kamadjaja ( Perfected Spelling: Kamajaya), was an Indonesian journalist and author, who rose to prominence during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East In ...
and his wife, Kamaratih, by the fire of
Shiva Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
. The spirits of Kamajaya and Kamaratih fell upon the earth and were incarnated as mortal human beings. Prince Panji and Princess Candra Kirana are considered incarnations of Kamajaya and Kamaratih. One problem with relating this theory to historical kingdoms is that the kingdoms in the tale did not correspond with the historical kingdoms. In the tale, Panji was the prince of
Janggala The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045. The other Kingdom was Kediri. The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Ki ...
, while the historic Kameçvara was the prince of Kediri. Likewise, in the tale, Chandra Kirana was said to be the princess of Kediri, while the actual historic Çri Kirana was the princess of Janggala. In the
Surakarta Surakarta (Javanese script, Javanese: , Pegon script, Pegon: ), known colloquially as Solo (Javanese script, Javanese: ; ), is a major List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in Central Java, Indonesia. The city adjoins Karanganyar Reg ...
court poet
Rangga Warsita Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita (14 March 1802 – 24 December 1873, , ) was a Javanese philosopher and poet. He was born into the famous literary Yasadipura family in Surakarta, in Central Java. He is sometimes called the ''last Javanese poet''. Bi ...
's genealogy ''Pustaka Radja Mada'', the Javanese kings, including Panji, are considered the descendants of the
Pandava The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
s of the Mahabharata.


Appearances in art and literature

Scenes from the Panji cycles appear in the narrative reliefs of the walls of East Javanese candi from the 13th century, the earliest of which is Candi Jawi. By the 14th century a figure wearing a cap that corresponds to the figure of Panji was featured in many reliefs on temples sponsored by the empire of Majapahit, as well as appearing as separate sculptures from temples, indicating that Panji may have been a figure of worship in Majapahit. The legendary Javanese Saint who brought Islam to the Island,
Sunan Giri Sunan Giri (also called Raden Paku or Joko Samudro), and Muhammad Ainul Yakin (born 1442 CE in Blambangan, which is now Banyuwangi) is considered one of the Wali Sanga (revered saints of Islam) in Indonesia. His family is from Hussani Sayid, ...
, is credited, along with other innovations in wayang, with the creation of wayang gedog in 1553, to enact the Panji stories. Wayang kulit performances of the Panji cycle are in general the same as in performances of the ''wayang purwa'' (those based on the Indian epics); however, because of their material, they are considered less significant. In addition, their headdresses are simpler, and the garment worn on the lower body is based on Javanese court dress Scott-Kemball (1970), p. 41. Plots based on the Panji cycle are also common in East Javanese
wayang klitik ( , ) is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian island of Java. The term refers both to the show as a whole and the puppet in particular. Performances of wayang puppet theatre are accompanied by a ''gamel ...
(using wooden puppets), in West Javanese
wayang golek ( ; is one of the traditional Sundanese puppet arts from West Java, Indonesia. In contrast to the art in other areas of Java that use leather in the production of , is a wayang art made of wood. is very popular in West Java, especially in ...
(using three-dimensional rod puppets), and in
wayang beber ( ) is an Indonesian wayang performance art whose presentation is manifested on stretched sheets of paper or cloth, with pictures in the stylized wayang accompanied by a narration by a dalang. Wayang beber performances emerged and develo ...
(stories depicted pictorially on scrolls). It is also the principal basis of the stories used in wayang topeng (masked dance-pantomime). In
Bali Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...
, where the longest and best-known of the tales is called ''Malat'', the story is performed in the
Gambuh () is an ancient form of Balinese dance-drama. It is accompanied by musicians in a gamelan ''gambuh'' ensemble. History ''Gambuh'' is one of the oldest surviving forms in Balinese performing arts, dating to the late Majapahit era (ca. 15th c ...
plays and in the operatic Arja. In
Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...
, there is a Panji tale written in
Makassar language Makassarese (, ), sometimes called Makasar, Makassar, or Macassar, is a language of the Makassarese people, spoken in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It is a member of the South Sulawesi languages, South Sulawesi group of the Austronesian ...
, called ''Hikayat Cekele'' . There is also a long Malay-language story, the Hikayat Cekele Wanengpati. In Thailand, these stories are performed in the
lakhon nai Lakhon nai (, ) is a Thai performing art originating in the royal court of Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainlan ...
stage plays as "Inao" (อิเหนา).


UNESCO Memory of the World Register

The Panji manuscripts of
Leiden University Libraries Leiden University Libraries is the set of libraries of Leiden University, founded in 1575 in Leiden, Netherlands. A later edition entitled ''The bastion of liberty : a history of Leiden University'', was published in 2018. Full-text at archive ...
and the national libraries of
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
,
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
and
Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
were inscribed on 30 October 2017 in the
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...
Memory of the World International Register UNESCO's Memory of the World (MoW) Programme is an international initiative to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity against collective amnesia, neglect, decay over time and climatic conditions, as well as deliberate destruction. It ca ...
affirming their global significance. The Panji manuscripts are also digitally available through Digital Collections


Synopsis

There are differing versions and episodes of the overall Panji story. In one version, The main story of Panji tells of the romance between Prince Panji and Princess Candra Kirana; and Panji's search for his long-lost bride.


Characters and names

Panji and the other characters in the Panji cycle appear with various names (including nicknames) in different versions of the tale, including Raden Panji, Panji Inu Kertapati, Raden Panji Inu, Raden Inu, Inu (of) Koripan, Ino (or Hino) Kartapati, Cekel Wanengpati, and Kuda Wanengpati of
Janggala The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045. The other Kingdom was Kediri. The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Ki ...
, as well as Raden Panji Asmara Bangun and Panji Asmoro Bangun. The title Panji was used by historical Javanese and Balinese kings and princes, notably Gusti Ngurah Panji Sakti, who ruled North Bali in the seventeenth century. In Thailand, he is called Inao or Enau () or Enau (of) Kurepan, or Raden Montree. In Myanmar (formerly Burma), he is known as Inaung or Enaung (). Panji is the prince of the Kuripan (Koripan) or
Janggala The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045. The other Kingdom was Kediri. The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Ki ...
. He is usually depicted in an unadorned helmet-like rounded cap. The mask for Panji has a smooth white or green face; narrow, elongated eyes; a straight and pointed nose; and delicate, half-open lips. Panji is engaged to be married to Candra Kirana (also known as Sekartaji), the princess of Daha ( Kediri), when she mysteriously disappears on the eve of the wedding. Later in the story, she is sometimes called Kuda Narawangsa when she appears disguised as a man. Panji's principal adversary is Klono (Kelana Tunjung Seta), a ferocious king who desires Candra Kirana and tries to destroy Daha to get her. Klono was adopted as a Moluccan title for a ruler as ''Kolano''.Leonard Andaya (1993), ''The world of Maluku''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 59. In some versions of the story, Klono is Panji's half-brother. Other common characters are Gunung Sari (Candra Kirana's brother), Ragil Kuning or Dewi Onengan (Panji's sister, married to Gunung Sari), Wirun, Kartala and Andaga (relatives and companions of Panji). The following are several episodes of the compilation of Panji stories:


Dewi Anggraeni

The tale of Dewi Anggraeni is a tragic love story, the prequel to the main Panji story. The story begins with the arranged marriage of Prince Panji Asmoro Bangun to Princess Candra Kirana from the twin neighboring kingdoms of Kediri and
Janggala The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045. The other Kingdom was Kediri. The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Ki ...
. The dynastic marriage was meant as a means of a peace agreement to reunite the two warring factions of the once great kingdom under one dynasty again. During his youth, the prince of Jenggala loved to travel the country, visit ashrams and hermitages and learn from various wise Brahmins and rishis across the kingdom. During his stay in one of the remote hermitages, the prince fell in love with a beautiful commoner girl, Dewi Anggraeni. The prince married Anggraeni and took her home to the palace in the capital city of Jenggala. The marriage of a prince to a commoner girl caused an uproar in the royal courts of both Jenggala and Kediri. The angered Kediri envoys pushed the royalty of Jenggala to keep their promise of the arranged dynastic marriage, and they threatened to wage war if the marriage to Dewi Anggraeni was not annulled. However, the love-struck Prince did not want to fulfill his royal duty and refused to marry Kirana. To avoid war, the elders of the royal house plotted the assassination of Dewi Anggraeni. Panji and Anggraeni were separated and tricked by being told to meet in different places. Anggraeni was led by the royal troops deep into a forest to be murdered. After she learned that their action was meant to avoid war and bloodshed between two kingdoms, she willingly sacrificed herself and gave up her life. After Panji learned about the death of Anggraeni, the prince went amok, fell unconscious, and finally lost his mind. The insane prince suffered from
amnesia Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. but it can also be temporarily caused by t ...
and wreaked havoc across both kingdoms, attacking villages, authorities, lords, and bandits alike. Meanwhile, in Kediri, Princess Kirana has learned about the fate of her future husband and has decided to go out from the palace to find and help him. Princess Kirana, disguised as a man, is later involved in a battle with Panji and finally manages to cure the Prince from insanity. Surprisingly, Princess Kirana looked exactly like the late Anggraeni, as actually they both were incarnated from the same spirit, Kamaratih, the goddess of love. Panji and Kirana were then united in marriage and lived happily ever after.


Panji Semirang

The Panji Semirang tells another version of the story. The story begins with the disappearance of Candra Kirana from the palace. After Candra Kirana disappears, a princess who claims to be Candra Kirana, though different in appearance, attempts to console Prince Panji, and alleges that she was carried off by
Durga Durga (, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars. Durga's legend centres around combating evils and demonic ...
, and will regain her original appearance as soon as they are married. Panji orders preparations for the wedding to resume, not knowing that the consoler is, in reality, a demon-princess who wants Panji for herself. Meanwhile, the true Candra Kirana, alone in the forest, is advised by the gods that she must return to the palace disguised as a man to be reunited with Panji. She does so and, upon entering the city, discovers the wedding plans for the false Candra Kirana, delivers a letter to Panji revealing the true situation, and vanishes. Upon discovering this, Panji rushes to search for his love while his courtiers kill the demonic impostor. Panji, in his search, undergoes many adventures, staying in forests with hermits, working as a servant in different palaces, always hoping to find traces of his lost bride. Candra Kirana, meanwhile, continues in her male disguise, undergoes her own set of adventures, and ends up as the king of Bali. In the climax of the story, Panji and Candra Kirana unknowingly oppose each other on the battlefield. There, as witnesses are ordered to leave, she confides to her opponent that she is the bride of Panji, and that the disguise was assumed because of a command of the gods that she could win back her prince only in a face-to-face combat where his blood is made to flow. Still not aware that she is fighting her prince, they continue the fight with swords and arrows, but she is unable to harm him until she resorts to her hairpin. As Panji is wounded, he reveals his identity, and they are happily reunited.


Ande Ande Lumut

The Ande Ande Lumut tells another version of the union between Prince Kusumayuda and Kleting Kuning. She is the youngest of four sisters, all daughters of a widow in a village within the Prince Kusumayuda's father domain. The widow's daughters were named according to colors: the eldest is Kleting Abang (Kleting Merah/Red Kleting), next is Kleting Biru (Blue Kleting), then Kleting Ijo (Green Kleting), and the youngest is Kleting Kuning (Yellow Kleting). All of Kleting Kuning's older sisters are jealous because Kleting Kuning is very beautiful. Kleting Kuning is actually an adopted foster daughter and the missing princess of Janggala kingdom, later known as Dewi Candrakirana. Keleting Kuning was betrothed to Prince Kusumayuda, and he never forgot the face of the beautiful young princess meant to be his future consort and the future queen of Banyuarum kingdom. He continued to love her and look for her even after they were separated when the princess became lost as a child. After many years of Kleting Kuning living in the village with the widow's family, a rich and handsome eligible bachelor named Ande Ande Lumut declared that he was searching for a bride. Many girls across the kingdom were smitten and interested in becoming his wife, including Kleting Kuning's sisters. Only Kleting Kuning was not interested since she had not forgotten the youthful face and betrothal to Prince Kusumayuda. However, a magical crane told Kleting Kuning to participate in this event where her true fate awaited her. All of the girls dressed up beautifully, putting on their make-up and marched together towards Ande Ande Lumut's house. However, her stepmother ordered Kleting Kuning not to dress up and even disguised her beauty in ugly and dirty clothes, hoping one of her own daughters, who were Kleting Kuning's elders, would win more favor and the bachelor's heart. She even gave her a ''sapu lidi'' (a simple broom made of coconut leaf spines) to carry in order to make Kleting Kuning look like a poor servant; however, it was actually a magical broom. In their journey, the girls had to cross a large river without any ferry services. The river was guarded by a giant
freshwater crab Around 1,300 species of freshwater crabs are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, divided among eight family (biology), families. They show direct development and maternal care of a small number of offspring, in contrast to marine c ...
named Yuyu Kangkang. Yuyu Kangkang offered to take the girls across the river, riding upon its back, in return for a kiss. In order to reach Ande Ande Lumut's house as fast as possible, the girls hastily agreed on this arrangement and allowed Yuyu Kangkang to kiss them. Kleting Kuning arrived late at the river bank after he had taken the others across, and again Yuyu Kangkang offered its service for a kiss. Of course, Kleting Kuning, who always upheld her modesty and chastity, refused. Yuyu Kangkang, angered with Kleting Kuning's refusal, tried to eat her. In defense, Kleting Kuning tried to hit the crab but missed and hit the river with her broom and magically, all the water in the river dried up, and Kleting Kuning was able to cross the river safely. Yuyu Kangkang was trapped on the dry banks and was very scared, and he begged her for her mercy and forgiveness and to return the river to its home as it was before. Kleting Kuning felt sorry for him and again hit the ground with the broom, and the water returned, washing the relieved Yuyu Kangkang downstream. By then, Kleting Kuning's sisters had reached Ande Ande Lumut's house, where they were greeted kindly by Ande Ande Lumut's mother and served refreshments. Although the girls are pretty, and Ande Ande Lumut liked them, he refused all of them because he could detect the smelly, pungent fishy kiss of Yuyu Kangkang on them. Finally, Kleting Kuning arrived, dirty and simply dressed like a servant, which is how her sisters introduced her to Ande Ande Lumut's mother, who asked her to wait outside. However, Ande Ande Lumut received her warmly, as he could see the true beauty beneath and invited her in. After he speaks to her, he realizes that Kleting Kuning is the princess, his long-lost love. At that moment, Kleting Kuning also realizes that Ande Ande Lumut is actually Kusumayuda, her beloved prince. They are reunited, soon are married and live happily ever after.


Keong Emas

Another episode is the sequel to the main story. The tale of
Keong Emas Keong Emas ( Javanese and Indonesian for Golden Snail) is a popular Javanese folklore about a princess magically transformed and contained in a golden snail shell. The folklore is a part of the popular Javanese Panji cycle, which tells stories ...
takes place after the union of Panji Asmoro Bangun and Sekartaji in marriage. There are several versions of the tale, but usually, the story begins with Sekartaji being magically transformed into a golden
snail A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...
. The golden snail is found and kept as a pet by a poor widow fisherwoman named Mbok Rondo. Magically, Sekartaji can turn back into her human form for some period to pay back the widow's kindness by cooking her delicious dishes and cleaning her house, leaving her snail shell behind. The curious Mbok Rondo hides in waiting and finally discovers that the snail is a young woman. She breaks the snail shell and thus undoes the magic spell. Sekartaji is adopted as the widow's daughter, and together they set out to reunite her with her husband, Panji Asmoro Bangun. One modern adaptation of the story of Panji and Candra Kirana (called Sekartaji in this version) is a musical play titled "Hayati: Panji Searching for the Essence of Love" under the direction of Rama Soeprapto and staged in Katara Opera House from 22 to 24 May 2023. It was a part of the Qatar-Indonesia Year of Culture program and commissioned by the governments of Qatar and Indonesia.


Notes


External links


Ande-Ande Lumut
fro
Folklore Indonesia

A website for collecting, listing and publishing resources on Panji


UNESCO citation for Panji Story manuscripts]
‘’Panji Tales Manuscripts’’
in Digital Collections (
Leiden University Library Leiden University Libraries is the set of libraries of Leiden University, founded in 1575 in Leiden, Netherlands. A later edition entitled ''The bastion of liberty : a history of Leiden University'', was published in 2018. Full-text at archive ...
)

Panji Stories in Malay Manuscripts]

Panji Stories in Javanese Manuscripts]


References

* * * * * * * * *


Further reading

* Winstedt, R. O. "The Panji Tales." In: ''Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 19, no. 2 (139) (1941): 234-37. Accessed October 3, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41560465. {{Mythology of Indonesia Indonesian folklore Javanese folklore Mythological kings Mythological princes