Pandion ( or ;
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
: Πανδίων) was the eponymous hero of the
Attic tribe Pandionis, which was created as part of the tribal reforms of
Cleisthenes at the end of the sixth century BC. He is usually assumed to be one of the two legendary
kings of Athens,
Pandion I or
Pandion II.
Pandion I and II
The relationship between Pandion, the eponymous hero, and the two legendary Athenian kings
Pandion I and
Pandion II is unclear, but most sources assume that the hero was one or the other of these two kings. The situation is further complicated by the fact that either Pandion I or Pandion II may have been invented to fill a gap in the mythical history of Athens, and that originally there may have been only one Pandion.
Demosthenes' Funeral Oration (338 BC) makes the father of the famous sisters
Procne and
Philomela—usually considered to be Pandion I—the eponymous hero of the Pandionidae. However, the 2nd century AD geographer
Pausanias does not know which king Pandion was honored as the eponymous hero, and Pausanias makes Pandion II the father of Procne and Philomela.
Cult
Pandion had a
heroön (hero shrine) on the
Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens (; ) is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several Ancient Greek architecture, ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, ...
, where Pausanias reports seeing a statue of Pandion. Pandion was also honored with a statue (along with the other tribal heroes) at the
Monument of the Eponymous Heroes in the
Ancient Agora.
Pandion was probably associated in some way with the ancient Athenian festival
Pandia, and it is possible that the festival derived its name from Pandion. However, the festival was probably held in honor of
Zeus
Zeus (, ) is the chief deity of the List of Greek deities, Greek pantheon. He is a sky father, sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.
Zeus is the child ...
, and some scholars think it is more likely that the hero derived his name from the festival as its legendary founder. This would be consistent with what Kearns describes as "a wide spread cultic-mythic phenomenon in which a hero or heroine is worshipped in conjunction with a god, while an aetiological myth explains that he or she was the first to perform the rite." An inscription dating from c. 386 BC, which refers to a decree of the tribe Pandionis, commending a "priest of Pandion" for services performed at the Pandia, supports the notion of a link between Pandion and the festival.
Pandion may also have been associated with a festival attested for the
deme
In Ancient Greece, a deme or (, plural: ''demoi'', δήμοι) was a suburb or a subdivision of Classical Athens, Athens and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, bu ...
Plotheia also called the Pandia; what relationship if any this festival may have had with the Pandia of Athens is unknown.
According to Pausanias the hero Pandion was also honored in
Megara where he had a monument in the city and a tomb in the cave of Athena Aithyia.
[Kearns, p.191; Pausanias]
1.41.6
Notes
References
* Anderson, Greg, ''The Athenian Experiment: Building an Imagined Political Community in Ancient Attica, 508-490 B.C.'', University of Michigan Press, 2003. .
* Canevaro, Mirko, ''The Documents in the Attic Orators: Laws and Decrees in the Public Speeches of the Demosthenic Corpus'', Oxford University Press, 2013. .
* Dillon, Matthew,
Lynda Garland, ''Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander'', Routledge, 2010. .
*
Frazer, James George, ''Pausanias's Description of Greece'' (1898), Vol II, Commentary on Book I, Macmillan, 1898.
* Harding, Phillip, ''The Story of Athens: The Fragments of the Local Chronicles of Attika'', Routledge, 2007. .
* Jones, Nicholas F., ''The Associations of Classical Athens : The Response to Democracy: The Response to Democracy'', Oxford University Press, 1999. .
* Kearns, Emily, ''The Heroes of Attica (Bulletin Supplement 57)'', University of London Institute of Classical Studies 1989. .
* Mikalson, Jon D. (1977), "Religion in the Attic Demes". The American Journal of Philology (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 98 (4): 424–435.
* Parke, Herbert William, ''Festivals of the Athenians'', Cornell University Press, 1977.
* Parker, Robert (2005), ''Polytheism and Society at Athens'', Oxford University Press. .
*
Pausanias, ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918
Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Robertson, Noel (1993), ''Festivals and Legends: The Formation of Greek Cities in the Light of Public Ritual'', The University of Toronto Press.
* Robertson, Noel (1996), "Athena's Shrines and Festivals" in ''Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia and Parthenon'', The University of Wisconsin Press.
* Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane, ''Tragedy and Athenian Religion'', Lexington Books, 2003. {{ISBN, 9780739104002.
* Verrall, Margaret de Gaudrion, ''Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens: Being a Translation of a Portion of the 'Attica' of Pausanias'', Macmillan, 1894.
Greek mythological heroes
Kings of Athens
Kings in Greek mythology
Mythological people from Attica