''Panaeolus papilionaceus'', commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed small brown mushroom that feeds on dung. This mushroom is the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for the genus ''

Panaeolus ''Panaeolus'' is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word ''Panaeolus'' is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. Characteristics These fungi are mostly dung and grassland ...

''.

Description

The cap is across, obtusely conic then becoming

campanulate This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...

, and grayish brown. It is not

hygrophanous The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fr ...

and the margin is adorned with white toothlike

partial veil In mycology, a partial veil (also called an inner veil, to differentiate it from the "outer", or universal veil) is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota, basidiomycete fungus, fungi, typically agarics. ...

fragments when young or towards the edge. The flesh is thin. The gills are

adnate Adnate may refer to: * Adnation, in botany, the fusion of two or more whorls of a flower * Adnate, in mycology, a classification of lamellae (gills) * Conjoined twins Conjoined twins, popularly referred to as Siamese twins, are twins joined '' ...

adnexed In mycology, a lamella (: lamellae), or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identificatio ...

, close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. The

spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing warm orange ("tussock") color spore print. ...

is black. The stipe is 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle, fibrous, and

pruinose Pruinescence , or pruinosity, is a "frosted" or dusty-looking coating on top of a surface. It may also be called a pruina (plural: ''pruinae''), from the Latin word for hoarfrost. The adjectival form is pruinose . Entomology In insects, a "bloom" ...

. The odor is mild and the taste unappetizing.

Microscopic features

The spores are 12–18 x 7–10

μm The micrometre (Commonwealth English as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System ...

, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore. Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Similar species

There are numerous lookalike species.

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries includingWorldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
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(

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), the United States (

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, Alaska,

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,''Panaeolus papilionaceus''
The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]

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), the Caribbean (

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, San Vincent Island),

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, and the

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Edibility

''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' is inedible and is not substantial. While similar-looking species, such as ''

Psilocybe mexicana ''Psilocybe mexicana'' is a psychedelic mushroom. Its first known usage was by the natives of North and Central America over 2,000 years ago. Known to the Aztecs as teonanácatl, from the Nahuatl ''teotl'' ("god") + ''nanácatl'' ("fungus"). Th ...

'', contain

psilocybin Psilocybin, also known as 4-phosphoryloxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (4-PO-DMT), is a natural product, naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid and Investigational New Drug, investigational drug found in more than List of psilocybin mushroom ...

, ''P. papilionaceus'' does not.

Gallery

File:Panaeolus.Papilionaceus.001.jpg, ''P. papilionaceus var. papilionaceus '' Image:2011-08-31_Panaeolus_papilionaceus_(Bull.)_Qu%C3%A9l_183735.jpg Image:Panaeolus.sphinctrinus2.-.lindsey.jpg Image:Panaeolus papilionaceus 20080913w.jpg File:Panaeolus.papilionaceus3.-.lindsey.jpg

References

Footnotes Citations

External links

Mushroom Expert - ''Panaeolus papilionaceus''

Observations
on

Mushroom Observer Mushroom Observer is a collaborative mycology website started by Nathan Wilson in 2006. Reproduced on thMykoWeb website. Its purpose is to "record observations about mushrooms, help people identify mushrooms they aren't familiar with, and expand t ...

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2484523 papilionaceus Fungi of Europe Fungi of North America Inedible fungi Fungus species