A pan-Romance language or Romance interlanguage is a codified linguistic variety which synthesizes the variation of the

Romance languages The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are Language family, directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-E ...

and is representative of these as a whole. It can be seen as a

standard language A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is any language variety that has undergone substantial codification in its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and that stands ...

proposal for the whole language family but is generally considered a zonal constructed language because it's the result of intense codification (that is, more construction, planning, design, engineering, manipulation than what regular standard languages usually require). Zonal languages are, according to interlinguist Detlev Blanke, constructed languages which "arise by choosing or mixing linguistic elements in a language group" (meaning elements from one same language family, for example Slavic or Germanic). Several pan-Romance languages have been developed by different individuals or groups in different times (since the 19th century) and places (Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, etc.). They are so similar to each other that they have been considered variations of a same language: '

dialect A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardize ...

s' is how Campos Lima, one of the developers, refers to several projects of his time.Campos Lima (1947), p. 20-21 This author also shows that the developers of pan-Romance language projects are generally aware of each other, are in contact and even collaborate, which is another sign of unity. Pan-Romance languages are parallel to

pan-Slavic language A pan-Slavic language is a zonal auxiliary language for communication among the Slavs, Slavic peoples. There are approximately 400 million speakers of the Slavic languages. In order to communicate with each other, speakers of different Slavic lan ...

s and pan-Germanic languages.

Uses and benefits

A pan-Romance language is typically intended for communication amongst (or with) speakers of Romance languages, that is as a regional

international auxiliary language An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from different nations, who do not share a common first language. An auxiliary language is primarily a ...

, for the Latin world. Its vocabulary and grammar are codified to be as communicative as possible for Romance speakers. Words, for example, are chosen preferably if they have

cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Because language change can have radical effects on both the s ...

s among many Romance languages, especially if the meaning is the same or similar. As a result, and thanks to intercomprehension, it's potentially understandable by an audience of up to 800 million speakers of Romance languages. In addition, it can complement Romance intercomprehension in situations where this communication strategy isn't so effective (for example, between French and Romanian speakers). A pan-Romance language can be meant, in some -especially older- projects, to become a global

, to replace English in that role, which is also the aim of

Esperanto Esperanto (, ) is the world's most widely spoken Constructed language, constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (), it is intended to be a universal second language for ...

and Interlingua (IALA). In this case, the reason for its Latin/Romance basis is that much international vocabulary (that is, words which are common to the most internationally influential languages, many of which are European) is of Latin origin. In the opinion of the developers of these pan-Romance languages, the most natural and coherent grammar to use with this international vocabulary is that of the Romance languages, which evolved from

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

and are, furthermore, spoken by millions of people on different continents. A pan-Romance language can even be intended, in certain projects, as an

artistic language An artistic language, or artlang, is a constructed language designed for aesthetic and phonetic pleasure. Constructed languages can be artistic to the extent that artists use it as a source of creativity in art, poetry, calligraphy or as a metapho ...

(as a means of artistic expression in poetry, music, etc., as part of a fantasy world in novels, films, etc. or just for the pleasure of creating it). In addition, developers of pan-Romance languages suggest other uses and benefits: the language can benefit from contributions from Romance's different varieties, which improve and enrich it (with regularizations, expressive means, etc.); it can be a shelter for speakers of Romance languages which are vanishing, like

Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...

or Sardinian; it could be effective as a middle step in machine translation between Romance languages; it can be used as a bridge to Romance languages (present and old) and Latin; and it can be practical for foreign speakers as an introduction to Romance.

Background

's descendants, the

, have developed important differences but share so many traits that they have been considered a unity (a "type") by Romance linguist . He explains the cohesion of the family by its shared

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Colloquial, Popular, Spoken or Vernacular Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. ''Vulgar Latin'' a ...

inheritance, the use and influence of standard Latin until recently and the constant exchanges between Neolatin peoples. The language family as a whole can be referred to as 'Romance', and it still functions as one

language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...

or macrolanguage in some present-day situations, where intercomprehension or accommodation (partial assimilation) take place. For example, some adverts (or parts of them) are published in foreign Romance languages (the attached image shows an advert in Italian on a bus in Barcelona). And mixed varieties like

Portuñol Portuñol (Spanish spelling) or Portunhol (Portuguese spelling) () is a portmanteau of the words portugués/português ("Portuguese") and español/espanhol ("Spanish"), and is the name often given to any non-systematic mixture of Portuguese an ...

or Frespañol arise spontaneously to communicate with speakers of other Romance languages, for example while visiting their country. All this shows that spoken and written communication amongst Romance speakers is still a reality and that, to some extent, they are a linguistic community. A manifestation of the tight relationship between different Romance speakers and peoples are the migration flows between Latin countries: Romanians, for example, emigrate preferably to Italy and Spain. And Neolatin countries created in 1954 the Latin Union, an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, which functioned until 2012. Despite these tight connections, since French has been largely displaced as an international auxiliary language by English, which is a

Germanic language The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, ...

, the Latin world lacks a common native language model for the first time in history.

The idea of a pan-Romance language since the Middle Ages

Standard Latin, which preceded French as an international auxiliary language, undergoes lexical

modernization Modernization theory or modernisation theory holds that as societies become more economically modernized, wealthier and more educated, their political institutions become increasingly liberal democratic and rationalist. The "classical" theories ...

to the present day but is based on

Classical Latin Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a Literary language, literary standard language, standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. It formed parallel to Vulgar Latin around 75 BC out of Old Latin ...

, the language stage of the late

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...

to middle

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

(75 BC to AD 3rd century). The idea of substituting it by a common Romance standard language can be traced back to

Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...

(c. 1265–1321), who in his essay ''

De vulgari eloquentia ''De vulgari eloquentia'' (, ; "On eloquence in the vernacular") is the title of a Latin essay by Dante Alighieri. Although meant to consist of four books, it abruptly terminates in the middle of the second book. It was probably composed shortly ...

'' deals with the problem of identifying a

vernacular language Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of language, particularly when perceived as having lower social status or less prestige than standard language, which is more codified, institutionally promoted, literary, or formal. More n ...

(that is, not

) which could be suitable for literary purposes. He starts by compiling a map of the languages he knows, dividing the European territory into three parts: one to the east, with

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

; one to the north, with Germanic (which he believed included Hungarian and Slavic); one to the south, with Romance. He chooses Romance, for being his language, and then carries on his search by distinguishing in Romance three smaller languages, which he identifies by their word for 'yes': oc language, oïl language and sì language. He chooses the last variety, arguing that it's more similar to Latin, the literary language of the moment, and has more poets. He then assesses the many Italian varieties in which he subdivides the sì language, but considers no variety suitable. Dante comes to the conclusion that the illustrious vernacular (''volgare illustre'') which he seeks must still be developed, combining elements from the various Italian varieties. After Dante, many other people have conceived independently the idea of a common Romance standard language or even a pan-Romance language, and not only the developers of the projects presented here. For example, Romance scholar Rebecca Posner (

University of Oxford The University of Oxford is a collegiate university, collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the List of oldest un ...

) declared that "It is not impossible to conceive a Romance interlanguage" and interlinguist Detlev Blanke (

Humboldt University of Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. The university was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humbol ...

) spoke of a "Hochromanisch" (in reference to Hochdeutsch, the standard variety of German).

Pan-Romance languages in the 19th and 20th centuries

Lingua Romana

Lingua RomanaAlbani, Buonarroti (2001) is an

which the German poet Stefan George (1868–1933) used in part of his lyrical work. He started using Lingua Romana, a mixed Romance language, at a young age, in 1889. It is his own artistic creation, closest to Spanish but with elements from Italian and ( Vulgar) Latin. The combinations are motivated by their sound effect in the poems, according to Radaelli. George himself explains Lingua Romana with these words (in Spanish): "La idea que desde mi juventud me atormenta ..es] concebir yo mismo una lengua literaria para mis propios fines a partir de material claro, románico, de similar sonoridad así como fácilmente comprensible." Some of his poems in Lingua Romana are ''La Rosa Galba'' and ''Paz'', which he later translated into German. Lingua Romana was later codified and proposed for pan-Latin communication in 1991 (see Romano, further down).

Sample text in Lingua Romana

Neolatino (Ørberg)

Neolatino is a Romance zonal auxiliary language intended to be used as a global

. It was developed by Danish Latinist Hans Henning Ørberg (1920–2010), known for his method for learning Latin, ''Lingua Latina per se Illustrata'', first published in 1955. All the information available on this Neolatino is offered by the developer of another pan-Romance language, Campos Lima, who mentions it and publishes a letter that Ørberg had sent him in 1941. In this letter, Ørberg explains that he has started to work on a new international language, which he calls Neolatino, based on the Romance languages only and without artificial elements. According to Campos Lima, it had nominal agreement in gender and number and verbal personal inflexion, with more irregularities than Campos Lima's own pan-Romance language 'internacional' (see below); but Ørberg didn't publish his project and by 1947 had abandoned it in favour of a more simplified and regularized language.

Neolatino (Schild)

NeolatinoMonnerot-Dumaine (1960) is a Romance zonal auxiliary language proposed to be used as a global

. It was developed by francophone Swiss linguist André Schild (1910–1981), who presented it in ''Petite Grammaire Neolatine'', published in January 1947. This first work includes grammar, vocabulary and sample texts. An international group of supporters was founded shortly after, which published in Neolatino a bulletin with texts from several authors (''Buletino del Grupo Internacionale Neolatinista de Correspondentes'') from May 1947 until, at least, February 1949 (18 numbers). Later in 1947, Schild published an extended dictionary in ''Vocabulario Neolatino: Francese-Italiano-Hispano.'' In 1948, a group improved and further developed the language: ''Comitato Linguístico Neolatino'', with Schild as its president. R. L. Stevenson's tale ''Will o' the mill: The plain and the stars'' was translated into Neolatino by H. Littlewood as ''Gulielmo del molino: La planura e las stelas''.

Sample text in Neolatino

Internacional

Internacional (or 'lingua internacional') is a Romance zonal auxiliary language proposed to be used as a global

. It was developed by Portuguese lawyer João Evangelista Campos Lima (1887–1956), who presented it in ''Gramática internacional'', published in 1948.

Sample text in Internacional

Romano

Romano is the result of the codification of Stefan George's '' Lingua Romana,'' a Romance artistic language which the German poet used in part of his lyrical work (see above). This codification is known through ''Grammatica de la lingua Romana de Stefan George'' (1991), an anonymous manuscript preserved at the Sammlung für Plansprachen in Vienna. Romano is proposed to be used as a regional

for the Latin world.

Sample text in Romano

Pan-Romance languages in the 21st century

Interlingua Romanica

Interlingua Romanica (or simply 'Romanica') is a Romance zonal auxiliary language proposed to be used as a regional

for the Latin world. It is a reformed version of the constructed international auxiliary language

Interlingua Interlingua (, ) is an international auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It is a constructed language of the "naturalistic" variety, whose vocabulary, ...

and was developed in 2001 by the English-speaking Canadian interlingualist Richard Sorfleet and the Spanish- and Basque-speaking Basque school teacher Josu Lavin. They presented it on the internet that same year on Latinity's Day (15 May, a celebration established by the Latin Union). Geocities

The original Interlingua's grammar was presented by Gode and Blair in 1951 as "A Proposed Grammatical System for the International Language" but it has since been used generally by the interlinguistic community. Fifty years later, Sorfleet and Lavin proposed for Interlingua a new grammar, which incorporates some typical Romance features that are missing in traditional Interlingua: nominal agreement, verbal personal inflexion, etc. As a result, Interlingua Romanica shares vocabulary with Interlingua (with minor modifications) but proposes a more Romance grammar. This Romance version of the grammar isn't intended to replace the previous simple one, but is thought as a variant which Romance speakers can use if they regard the traditional one too unnatural. According to the developers, it could increase Romance speakers' interest in Interlingua and it shouldn't be an obstacle for someone who already knows Interlingua with its traditional grammar. Interlingua Romanica has been abandoned by its proponents (the last one, Lavin, in 2008), but has still a small community of users and continues to attract interest of new people, often through Interlingua. A Facebook group with 175 members (October 2019) and several internet pages are devoted to Interlingua Romanica. There are other proposals to reform Interlingua. A slightly older project is Modern Latin or Latino Moderne by David Th. Stark (1996), which includes verbal personal inflection but not nominal agreement. It has not built a community, but has attracted attention. Another project i
Modern Latin or Latino Moderne
by Alexandre Rousset (2001), which does not modify Interlingua's simplified grammar but its vocabulary (phonetic orthography, modernization of words, elimination of the ancient ones without posterity). Modern Latin is directed to the general Romance public, which can understand it almost entirely without previous study, particularly with its first published boo

In any case, unlike Interlingua Romanica, these two projects cannot be considered pan-Romance, as they lack some typical Romance grammatical features.

Sample text in Interlingua Romanica

Version in Interlingua:

Romance Neolatino

Neolatino Romance (or simply 'Neolatino') is a naturalistic pan-Romance zonal auxiliary language, proposed as a

for Romance as a whole, to ease communication amongst or with speakers of Romance languages, complementing (not substituting) the standards that exist locally ( Portuguese, Spanish, etc.). In addition to its intended role in the Latin world, Romance Neolatino is proposed to build an alternative

language policy Language policy is both an interdisciplinary academic field and implementation of ideas about language use. Some scholars such as Joshua Fishman and Ofelia García consider it as part of sociolinguistics. On the other hand, other scholars such as ...

for

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

in combination with interlanguages for other language families (like Interslavic). This standard language was started in 2006 by the Romance scholar Jordi Cassany Bates and is now developed and promoted by a collective, international and interdisciplinary project called Vía Neolatina'','' which gathers linguists and other professionals from different Latin countries. A basic grammar and dictionary was published in 2019: ''Grammatica Essentiale Neolatina'' and ''Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino'', which reform some aspects of a preliminary model published in 2012.

Design principles

The linguists of Vía Neolatina intend to design or codify a pan-Romance standard in a scientific way, and to do so they pay special attention to its design principles (including values, goals, methodology, etc.). The design principles developed by Vía Neolatina are based on theoretical insights from

applied linguistics Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, Communication stu ...

; codifications for particular Romance languages (Grisons Romansh,

, Catalan, Galician, etc.) which experts have designed; other interlanguages, both Romance and of other families (like Interslavic); and the experience of its members with Neolatin. The developed methodology takes into account various criteria for the selection of forms. Each of the criteria is a positive quality of standard languages in general: forms should ideally be intelligible, used by the majority, encompassing, regular, traditional, concise, etc. They add up to more than 20 linguistic and extralinguistic criteria, all treated equally in the present version of the methodology. When no form is clearly positive in more ways than other forms, the methodology provides the codifiers with some resources: compositionality (inclusion of elements from different varieties), polymorphism (inclusion of options from which the user can choose), centrality (priorization of forms from geographically central varieties), innovation (creation of

neologism In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered ...

s and new analogies, but strictly avoiding artificiality), etc. All this is done with the intention of developing a language model which is more easily acceptable by the potential users and more effective for communication.

Phonology and Orthography

Neolatino uses a phonology designed from the analysis of how Latin languages have evolved, the result is a phonology very similar to modern Romance languages that minimizes the amount of sounds a native speaker of any of them would need to learn. Some examples of sounds that have appeared in most Romance languages despite not existing in Latin are the palatalized ɲ and ʎ which Neolatino incorporates into its inventory, indicating the palatalization with the digraphs nî and lî. This is also used for the digraphs cî, gî and sî which represent the phonemes tʃ, dʒ and ʃ respectively (Note that the digraphs ch and gh are used to represent k and ɡ before front vowels). A great percentage of the words in the language are paroxitones with a vowel or the consonants n, s or t as their final letter. However, words that deviate from this norm use graphic accents to mark the actual stressed syllable, these also sometimes do double duty as they can indicate the openness of some of the vowels. Specifically, the

grave accent The grave accent () ( or ) is a diacritical mark used to varying degrees in French, Dutch, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan and many other Western European languages as well as for a few unusual uses in English. It is also used in other ...

is used for the

open Open or OPEN may refer to: Music * Open (band), Australian pop/rock band * The Open (band), English indie rock band * ''Open'' (Blues Image album), 1969 * ''Open'' (Gerd Dudek, Buschi Niebergall, and Edward Vesala album), 1979 * ''Open'' (Go ...

and semi-open vowels: à, è and ò, while the

acute accent The acute accent (), , is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin alphabet, Latin, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabet, Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accen ...

is used for the closed or semi-closed vowels: é, í, ó and ú.

Sample text in Romance Neolatino

Latino Interromanico

Latino Interromanico
(or simply 'Interromance' in English, or 'Interromanico' in the language itself) is a Romance zonal auxiliary language proposed to be used as a regional

for the Latin world. It was started in 2017 by European (German-Romanian) programmer Raymund Zacharias, who published an outline of the language in an internet site devoted to the project. Zacharias intends Interromanico to be used as a bridge to the Romance languages, that is as a didactic resource or strategy, but also as a communication tool. In order to achieve that and mimic the mappings of form and meaning for words and word parts as found in the Romance languages, their etymology is traced to common roots (most often Latin, but also Greek and others). These base forms by default then only receive a minimal adjustment to adhere to the grammar and spelling of Interromance. In order to produce text or speech that is as universally understood as possible, the words and word parts are checked to have as many cognates as possible within the different Romance linguistic variety groups. Flavorizations are possible in order to increase the comprehension to specific target groups or to indicate certain trends. Since 2019, Interromanico has received another definition in ''Grammatica dello Latino Interromanico'' by Brazilian Thiago Sanctus, who intends it to be used as a more complete reference for acquiring knowledge of the language. A Faceboo
group
and an active WhatsApp group with ca. 45 members (October 2019) are devoted to Latino Interromanico.

Sample text in Latino Interromanico

Relationship with other Romance-based languages

Pan-Romance languages and other Romance-based languages can be similar. The later are mostly constructed a posteriori languages that resemble Romance, mainly because of their vocabulary, but lack some typical, generally grammatical, Romance features, which pan-Romance languages do include.

Mediterranean Lingua Franca The Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, was a contact language, or languages, that were used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. April McMahon describes Sabir as a "fifteenth century proto-pid ...

was not a constructed language but a

pidgin A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified form of contact language that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn f ...

Partially Romance-based constructed languages

There are many constructed a posteriori languages which integrate elements from different, typically European, language families but have a very Romance or even Latin appearance because they are based on international vocabulary, that is, words which are common to the most internationally influential European languages. This vocabulary is mainly of Latin origin due to the centuries-long influence of this language over other

European languages There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three larges ...

. They have been called Latinid constructed languages by Blanke, and include

Ido Ido () is a constructed language derived from a reformed version of Esperanto, and designed similarly with the goal of being a universal second language for people of diverse languages. To function as an effective ''international auxiliary ...

Interlingue Interlingue (; ISO 639 ''ie'', ''ile''), originally Occidental (), is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal Grammaticality, grammatical regularity and Na ...

, Romániço, etc. Some are schematic, others are naturalistic constructed languages. Naturalistic Latinid languages, due to their proximity to Romance languages, have been called Neolatinid languages by Carlevaro. Interlingua is the most notable naturalistic language of the group. The linguists at the

International Auxiliary Language Association The International Auxiliary Language Association, Inc. (IALA) was an American organisation founded in 1924 to "promote widespread study, discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment of an auxiliary language, together wi ...

who developed the language from 1937 to 1951 based it on international vocabulary and, as a result, it has a very Latin or even Romance appearance. Nevertheless,

Interlingua grammar This article is an informal outline of the grammar of Interlingua, an international auxiliary language first publicized by IALA. It follows the usage of the original grammar text (Gode & Blair, 1951), which is accepted today but regarded as con ...

lacks some important Romance features. Because it is intended as a global

, its authors (

Alexander Gode Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch (October 30, 1906 – August 10, 1970) was a German-born American linguist, translator and the driving force behind the creation of the auxiliary language Interlingua. Biography Born to a German fat ...

and Hugh Blair) avoided what they considered unnecessary Romance complications which would be difficult to learn (or understand) by non Romance speakers. Thus, they developed a simple grammatical system inspired by English (a Germanic language) which is not representative of Romance. It lacks, for example, nominal agreement or verbal personal inflection, which is a common trait of the major Romance languages (Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian, etc.). Similarly,

(known as Occidental until 1949) was described by its developer

Edgar de Wahl Edgar von Wahl (Interlingue: , born Edgar Alexis Robert von Wahl; 23 August 1867 – 9 March 1948) was a Baltic German mathematics and physics teacher who lived in Tallinn, Estonia. He also used the pseudonym Julian Prorók, and is best know ...

as "not a Romance but a Latinesque language", because in spite of its vocabulary -which gives it "a big similarity with Romance languages"- its grammar (and mainly its syntax) are "absolutely not Romance", but based on other European languages. As a result, Occidental is "much more European, more Anglo-Germano-Slavic by spirit". There is no clear border between pan-Romance languages and some of these Romance-based constructed languages. For example, Schild's Neolatino (see above), intended as a global international auxiliary language, includes the Greek-based preposition ''pri'', which the developer considered practical to avoid confusions. Nevertheless, the language can be considered, according to Schild, a synthesis of the Romance languages even if this consideration is not completely adequate. It has been presented above among the pan-Romance languages, also because Campos Lima considered it a dialect of his own pan-Romance project. Another project that lies on the border is Interlingua Romanica (see above), as it's a reform of

, which is based not only on Romance languages (Portuguese, Spanish, French and Italian) but also on English and, to a lesser extent, German and Russian.

Romance-based constructed languages

There are some constructed a posteriori languages which do not integrate elements from languages families other than Romance but are still not representative of Romance as a whole. This difference arises because, for example, they are also based on Romance creole languages, or their developers have strongly simplified or modified in other ways the Romance basis. They include

Romanid Romanid is a zonal auxiliary language for speakers of Romance languages, intended to be understandable to them without prior study. It was created by the Hungarian language teacher Zoltán Magyar Zoltán Magyar (born 13 December 1953) is a ...

, Lingua Franca Nova, Panlatino by William Agel de Mello and Romanova, among others.

Lingua Franca Nova

Lingua Franca Nova, created by

C. George Boeree Cornelis George Boeree (January 15, 1952January 5, 2021) was an American psychologist at Shippensburg University, who specialized in personality theory and the history of psychology. He created the language Lingua Franca Nova. Life Boeree was bo ...

(1998), bases its lexicon on five major Romance languages (Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French and Italian) and its simple grammar on Romance creole languages. According to the main site of the project, "It is designed to seem relatively “natural” to those who are familiar with Romance languages, without being any more difficult for others to learn." Sample text in Lingua Franca Nova:

Romanova

There is no clear border between pan-Romance languages and some of these other Romance-based constructed languages. For example, lacks verbal personal inflexion, but nominal agreement is optional. As a result, it can seem a pan-Romance language when the subject of the sentences is the third person. Sample text in Romanova: On the other side, George's Lingua Romana has elements of Italian and ( Vulgar) Latin, but is closest to Spanish, so it's not so representative of Romance as a whole. Nevertheless, it is not a simple version of Spanish. It has been presented above among the pan-Romance languages because other pan-Romance developers have regarded the project as close and George as a forefather.

Latin-based constructed languages

Romance-based constructed languages can be also difficult to distinguish from Latin-based constructed languages, like

Latino sine flexione Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua (IL de ApI) or Peano's Interlingua (abbreviated as IL) is an international auxiliary language compiled by the Academia pro Interlingua under the chairmansh ...

. There are many proposals, typically intended as international auxiliary languages. An early project was Weltsprache, by A. Volk ed R. Fuchs (1883). Sample text in Latino sine flexione:A project that lies on the border is Latino Interromanico (see above), which is presented as a "Latin-Romance language".

Notes

References

Romance and Slavic linguistics: * Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz (1977). "Z dziejów idei wspólnego języka słowiańskiego". ''Studia polonistyczne Uniwersytetu A. Mickiewicza''. 4 *Metzeltin, Miguel (2004). ''Las lenguas románicas estándar: Historia de su formación y de su uso''. Academia de la Llingua Asturiana *Posner, Rebecca (1996). ''The Romance Languages.'' Cambridge University Press Interlinguistics: * Albani, Paolo; Buonarroti, Berlinghiero (2001). ''Dictionnaire des langues imaginaire.'' Les Belles Lettres * Blanke, Detlev (1985). ''Internationale Plansprachen: Eine Einführung''. Akademie-Verlag * Blanke, Detlev (2006). ''Interlinguistische Beiträge: Zum Wesen und zur Funktion internationaler Plansprachen''. Peter Lang * Schubert, Klaus (1989). ''Interlinguistics – its aims, its achievements, and its place in language science''. Mouton de Gruyter * Libert, Alan (2004). ''Artificial Descendents of Latin''. Lincom Europa * Meyer, Anna-Maria (2016). "Slavic constructed languages in the internet age". ''Language Problems & Language Planning''. Vol. 40, n. 3. John Benjamins * Monnerot-Dumaine, M. (1960). ''Précis d'Interlinguistique Générale et Spéciale.'' Maloine * Sakaguchi, Alicja (1998). ''Interlinguistik: Gegenstand, Ziele, Aufaben, Methoden''. Peter Lang Individual language projects: * Anonymous (1991). ''Grammatica de la lingua Romana de Stefan George''. http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC04201635 * Campos Lima, oão(1948).
Gramática internacional
'' Published by the author (Lisbon) * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2012).
Elemèntos Essenziales del Romance Neolatino
'. Vía Neolatina. * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2017).

'. Vía Neolatina * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2019a).
L'anglès després del Brexit: què fer-ne
. Núvol (10 March 2019). Bernat Puigtobella * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2019b).

'. Vía Neolatina * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2019c).

'. Vía Neolatina * Cassany Bates, Jordi (2019d).
O inglés depois do Brexit
. ''Grial. Revista Galega de Cultura''. 221 (15 May 2019), p. 54–59. Galaxia * Gode, Alexander; Blair, Hugh E. (1951).
Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language
'. Storm Publishers *Gode, Alexander (dir.) (1951).

'. Storm Publishers * Mello, William Agel de (2002). ''William Agel de Mello: Obras Completas, Volume III, Ensaios.'' Ars * Palmiotta, Michele (2019).
Neolatino
. ''Langualog'' (7 March 2019). Retrieved 9 October 2019. *Radaelli, G. (2016). "Stefan Georges lingua romana und „das dichten in fremdem sprachstoff“". ''George-Jahrbuch 11 (2016/2017)''. Walter de Gruyter * Rincón Botero, Martín (2016). Rinaldi, Cláudio (ed.).
de interlingua 85.pdf Una comparazione entre Interlingua e Neolatino
. ''Almanac de Interlingua''. 85 (March 2016): 3–8. * Schild, André (1947a).
Petite grammaire neolatine: Grammaire – Textes – Vocabulaire. Contribution au probleme de la langue internationale par l'essai d'une synthese des langues romanes
'' Published by the author (Basel) * Schild, André (1947b).
Vocabulario neolatino: Francese – Italiano – Hispano (Con gramática succinta e lista de los supinos derivativos)
'. Published by the author (Basel) * Schild, André (1948a). "Traduccione de expressiones idiomáticas in neolatino"
''Buletino del Grupo Internacionale Neolatinista de Corespondente''s
13 (June): 1–2 *Schild, André (1948b). "Un precursore inconoscito del neolatino"
''Buletino del Grupo Internacionale Neolatinista de Corespondente''s
14 (Juny/August): 2 * Sanctus, Thiago (2019)
''Grammatica dello Latino Interromanico''
Published by the author (Brazil)

External links

* Romance Neolatino's main site

* Latino Interromanico's main site: https://interromanico.auxlang.eu/
Facebook group for Romance constructed languages
{{Constructed languages Standard languages Romance languages Zonal auxiliary languages Constructed languages Interlinguistics