The Palaeonisciformes, commonly known as "palaeoniscoids" (also spelled "paleoniscoid", or alternatively "paleoniscids") are an extinct grouping of primitive

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

(Actinopterygii), spanning from the

Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 23.5 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the third and shortest period of t ...

Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a period (geology), geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era during the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian per ...

to the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

. They are generally considered

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

, but their exact relationships to living ray-finned fish are uncertain. While some and perhaps most palaeoniscoids likely belong to the

stem-group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...

of Actinopteryii, it has been suggested that some may belong to the

crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor ...

, with some of these possibly related to

Cladistia Cladistia is a subclass of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs of tropical Africa. Their major synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid. ...

(containing

bichir Bichirs and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae , a family (biology), family of archaic Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order (biology), order Polypteriformes .Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW. 2009. The D ...

s) and/or

Chondrostei Chondrostei is a subclass of non- neopterygian ray-finned fish. While the term originally referred to the paraphyletic grouping of all non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, it was redefined by Patterson in 1982 to be a clade comprising the Acipenser ...

(which contains

sturgeon Sturgeon (from Old English ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European *''str̥(Hx)yón''-) is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the ...

s and

paddlefish Paddlefish (family Polyodontidae) are a family of ray-finned fish belonging to order Acipenseriformes, and one of two living groups of the order alongside sturgeons (Acipenseridae). They are distinguished from other fish by their elongated rost ...

). Many palaeoniscoids share a conservative body shape and a similar arrangement of skull bones, though paleoniscoids as a whole exhibit considerable diversity in body shape.

Historic background

The

systematics Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phy ...

of fossil and extant fishes has puzzled

ichthyologists Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 35,800 species of fish had been described as of March 2 ...

since the time of

Louis Agassiz Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( ; ) FRS (For) FRSE (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history. Spending his early life in Switzerland, he recei ...

, who first grouped all

Palaeozoic The Paleozoic ( , , ; or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the Neoproterozoic (the last era of the Proterozoic Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma at the start of ...

ray-finned fishes together with

(

sturgeons Sturgeon (from Old English ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European *''str̥(Hx)yón''-) is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the ...

es),

gar Gars are an ancient group of ray-finned fish in the family Lepisosteidae. They comprise seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh, brackish, and occasionally marine waters of eastern North America, Central America and Cuba ...

lungfishes Lungfish are freshwater vertebrates belonging to the class Dipnoi. Lungfish are best known for retaining ancestral characteristics within the Osteichthyes, including the ability to breathe air, and ancestral structures within Sarcopterygii, inc ...

, and

acanthodians Acanthodii or acanthodians is an extinct class of gnathostomes (jawed fishes). They are currently considered to represent a paraphyletic grade of various fish lineages basal to extant Chondrichthyes, which includes living sharks, rays, and c ...

in his Ganoidei.

Carl Hermann Müller Carl may refer to: *Carl, Georgia, city in USA *Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community *Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name *Carl², a TV series * "Carl", an episode of tel ...

later proposed to divide actinopterygians into three groups: Chondrostei,

Holostei Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by the single living genus, '' Amia'' with two species, the bowfins (''Amia calva'' and '' Amia ocellicauda''), as well as the Gin ...

, and

Teleostei Teleostei (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), with 96% of all neontology, extant species of f ...

. Later,

Edward Drinker Cope Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American zoologist, paleontology, paleontologist, comparative anatomy, comparative anatomist, herpetology, herpetologist, and ichthyology, ichthyologist. Born to a wealthy Quaker fam ...

included these three groups within

Actinopteri Actinopteri () is the sister group of Cladistia (bichirs) in the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish). Dating back to the Permian period, the Actinopteri comprise the Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish), the Holostei ( bowfins and gars), ...

. The same classification is also used today, though the definitions of these groups have changed significantly over the years. The

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

to Actinopteri are the

, which include ''

Polypterus ''Polypterus'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the bichir family ( Polypteridae) of order Polypteriformes. The type species is the Nile bichir (''P. bichir''). Fish in this genus live in various areas in Africa. ''Polypterus'' is the only kno ...

'' (bichirs), ''

Erpetoichthys The reedfish, ropefish (more commonly used in the United States), or snakefish, ''Erpetoichthys calabaricus'', is a species of fish in the family Polypteridae alongside the bichirs. It is the only member of the genus ''Erpetoichthys''. It is na ...

'' and their fossil relatives. All together are grouped as Actinopterygii. A few additional classification schemes were proposed over the years.

Lev Berg Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical Society between 1940 and 1950. He is known f ...

erected the superorder Palaeonisci, in which he included early actinopterygians that belonged to neither Chondrostei nor Polypteri (Cladistia). Mostly following Berg,

Jean-Pierre Lehman Jean-Pierre Lehman (10 August 1914 – 26 February 1981) was a French paleontologist who specialized on tetrapods and actinopterygians. He followed early ideas comparative anatomy to study evolution through cladistic ideas and making use of bio ...

grouped the Actinopterygii into 26 orders, among others the Palaeonisciformes with the two suborders Palaeoniscoidei and Platysomoidei. Numerous

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

of early actinopterygians have been referred to either Palaeonisciformes or to one of its suborders based on superficial resemblance with either ''Palaeoniscum'' (Palaeoniscoidei) or ''Platysomus'' (Platysomoidei), especially during the early and middle parts of the 20th century. Palaeonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei, and Platysomoidei have therefore become

wastebasket taxa Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically defined by e ...

. They are not natural groups, but instead

assemblages of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. Palaeoniscoidei have traditionally encompassed most

Paleozoic The Paleozoic ( , , ; or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three Era (geology), geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the Neoproterozoic (the last era of the Proterozoic Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma a ...

actinopterygians, except those that exhibit atypical body forms (such as the deep-bodied Platysomoidei, or those assigned securely to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes. The same can also be said about the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Palaeoniscidae Palaeoniscidae is an extinct family of "palaeoniscoid" ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). The family includes the genus ''Palaeoniscum'' and potentially other Palaeozoic and Mesozoic early actinopterygian genera. The name is derived from the Anc ...

''sensu lato'', to which several genera not closely related to ''Palaeoniscum'' have been referred in the past. The grouping of "palaeonisciforms" was based largely on shared

plesiomorphic In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, an ...

features, such as the forward position of the eye, the large gape or the presence of rhombic scales. However, such

symplesiomorphies In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, an ...

are not informative with regard to

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

, but rather an indication of common ancestry. In modern biology,

taxonomists In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon), and these groups are given ...

group taxa based on shared

apomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to hav ...

(

synapomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ...

) in order to detect

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

groups (natural groups). They use computer software (e.g., PAUP) to determine the most likely

evolutionary relationships Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certai ...

between taxa, thereby putting previous

hypotheses A hypothesis (: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific method, scientific hypothesis must be based on observations and make a testable and reproducible prediction about reality, in a process beginning with an educ ...

of such relationships to the test. As a consequence, many genera have been subsequently removed from Palaeonisciformes and referred to distinct orders (e.g.,

Saurichthyiformes Saurichthyiformes is an extinct order (biology), order of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish which existed in Asia, Africa, Australia (continent), Australia, Europe and North America, during the late Permian to early Middle Jurassic. Saurichthy ...

). The term Palaeonisciformes has mostly disappeared from the modern literature or is nowadays only used to refer to the "primitive"

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

of a taxon (e.g., "palaeonisciform skull shape" or "palaeoniscoid body shape"). In order to make the Paleonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei or Palaeoniscidae monophyletic, these terms should only be used in a strict sense, i.e., when referring to the clade of actinopterygians that includes ''Palaeoniscum'' and the taxa closely related to it. A monophyletic clade including several taxa classically referred to the Palaeonisciformes (e.g., '' Aesopichthys'', ''

Birgeria ''Birgeria'' is a genus of carnivorous marine ray-finned fish from the Triassic period. ''Birgeria'' had a global distribution, with fossil known from Madagascar, Spitsbergen, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, China, Russia, Canada and Nev ...

'', ''

Boreosomus ''Boreosomus'' (meaning: " boreal body") is an extinct genus of Triassic marine ray-finned fish. It was first described from the Arctic island of Spitsbergen (Svalbard, Norway), hence its genus name, but was later also discovered in other parts ...

'', ''

Canobius ''Canobius'' (named for Canobie, the district where it was discovered) is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that lived in the early Carboniferous period (Viséan) of Glencartholm, Scotland. Two species are known from fossil specimen ...

'', ''

Pteronisculus ''Pteronisculus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic and Middle Triassic epochs of the Triassic period worldwide. It was first described under the name "''Glaucolepis''" by Erik Stensiö ...

'', ''

Rhadinichthys ''Rhadinichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. It is known from several species that lived in the Late Devonian epoch, the Carboniferous period and the Cisuralian epoch (early Permian) in what is now Europe, South Africa, and Nor ...

'') was recovered in the

cladistic analysis Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

by Lund et al. This clade, coined Palaeoniscimorpha, is also used in subsequent publications. Recent cladistic analyses also recovered

clades In biology, a clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy ...

containing several genera that have historically been grouped within Palaeonisciformes, while excluding others. Due to the delicate nature of fossils of ray-finned fishes and the incomplete knowledge of several taxa (especially with regard to the internal cranial anatomy), there is still no consensus about the evolutionary relationships of several early actinopterygians previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes.

Classification

The following list includes

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

that have been referred to Palaeonisciformes (or

, respectively), usually because of superficial resemblance with ''

Palaeoniscum ''Palaeoniscum'' (from , 'ancient' and 'cod-fish' or 'woodlouse') is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Guadalupian, Middle to Lopingian, Late Permian period (Guadalupian-Lopingian) of England, Germany, Turkey, North America and Gre ...

freieslebeni''. Many of these species are poorly known and have never been included in any

. Their inclusion in Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae) is in most cases doubtful and requires confirmation by cladistic studies. Which taxa should be included in Palaeonisciformes ''sensu stricto'' (or Palaeoniscidae ''sensu stricto'') and which ones moved to other

orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * H ...

families Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...

, respectively, is a matter of ongoing research. * Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 ''sensu stricto'' alaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971ref name="mikko"> ** Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852 *** Genus ?†'' Agecephalichthys'' Wade, 1935 **** Species †''Agecephalichthys granulatus'' Wade, 1935 *** Genus ?†'' Atherstonia'' Woodward, 18989 'Broometta'' Chabakov, 1927">Broometta.html" ;"title="'Broometta">'Broometta'' Chabakov, 1927**** Species †''Atherstonia scutata'' Woodward, 1889 [''Atherstonia cairncrossi'' Broom, 1913; ''

Amblypterus ''Amblypterus'' (from , 'blunt' and 'wing' or 'fin') is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Gzhelian (upper Carboniferous) and Cisuralian (lower Permian) epoch in what is now Europe (Czech Republic, France, G ...

capensis'' Broom, 1913; ''Broometta cairncrossi'' Chabakov, 1927] **** Species †''Atherstonia minor'' Woodward, 1893 *** Genus ?†''Cryphaeiolepis'' Traquair, 1881 **** Species †''Cryphaeiolepis scutata'' Traquair, 1881 *** Genus ?†'' Cteniolepidotrichia'' Poplin & Su, 1992 **** Species †''Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis'' Poplin & Su, 1992 *** Genus †''

Dicellopyge ''Dicellopyge'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the early Anisian age of the Middle Triassic epoch in what is now South Africa. It was originally named "''Dicellopygae''" by James Brough but the name was late ...

'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge macrodentata'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge lissocephalus'' Brough, 1931 *** Genus ?†'' Duwaichthys'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 **** Species †''Duwaichthys mirabilis'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 *** Genus ?†'' Ferganiscus'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 **** Species †''Ferganiscus osteolepis'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 *** Genus †''

Gyrolepis ''Gyrolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish from the Middle-Late Triassic epochs in what is now Europe. It is known both from complete specimens and isolated skeletal elements, such as scales or teeth. See also * Prehisto ...

'' Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858 **** Species †''G. albertii'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. gigantea'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. maxima'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. quenstedti'' Dames, 1888 **** Species †''G. tenuistriata'' Agassiz, 1833 *** Genus †''

Gyrolepidoides ''Gyrolepidoides'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Late Triassic epoch in what is now Mendoza, Argentina. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is ...

'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. creyanus'' Schaeffer, 1955 **** Species †''G. cuyanus'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. multistriatus'' Rusconi, 1948 *** Genus ?†'' Palaeoniscinotus'' Rohon, 1890 **** Species †''P. czekanowskii'' Rohon, 1890 *** Genus †''

'' de Blainville, 1818 'Palaeoniscus'' Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; ''Palaeoniscas">Palaeoniscus.html" ;"title="'Palaeoniscus">'Palaeoniscus'' Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; ''Palaeoniscas'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Eupalaeoniscus'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Palaeomyzon'' Weigelt, 1930; ''Geomichthys'' Sauvage, 1888] **** Species †''P. angustum'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas angustus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. antipodeum'' (Egerton, 1864) 'Palaeoniscus antipodeus'' Egerton, 1864**** Species †''P. antiquum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. arenaceum'' Berger, 1832 **** Species †''P. capense'' (Bloom, 1913) 'Palaeoniscus capensis'' Bloom, 1913**** Species †''P. comtum'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus comtus'' Agassiz, 1833**** Species †''P. daedalium'' Yankevich & Minich, 1998 **** Species †''P. devonicum'' Clarke, 1885 **** Species †''P. elegans'' (Sedgwick, 1829) 'Palaeoniscus elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829**** Species †''P. freieslebeni'' de Blainville, 1818 'Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818); ''Palaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818)**** Species †''P. hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898) 'Galeocerdo contortus hassiae'' Jaekel, 1898; ''Palaeomyzon hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898)**** Species †''P. kasanense'' Geinitz & Vetter, 1880 **** Species †''P. katholitzkianum'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. landrioti'' (le Sauvage, 1890) 'Palaeoniscus landrioti'' le Sauvage, 1890**** Species †''P. longissimum'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus longissimus'' Agassiz, 1833**** Species †''P. macrophthalmum'' (McCoy, 1855) 'Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus'' McCoy, 1855**** Species †''P. magnum'' (Woodward, 1937) 'Palaeoniscus magnus'' Woodward, 1937**** Species †''P. moravicum'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas moravicus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. promtu'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas promtus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. reticulatum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. scutigerum'' Newberry, 1868 **** Species †''P. vratislavensis'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus vratislavensis'' Agassiz, 1833*** Genus †''

Palaeothrissum ''Palaeothrissum'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish References

Palaeonisciformes {{palaeonisciformes-stub ...

'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829 **** Species †''P. macrocephalum'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. magnum'' de Blainville, 1818 *** Genus ?†'' Shuniscus'' Su, 1983 **** Species †''Shuniscus longianalis'' Su, 1983 *** Genus ?†'' Suchonichthys'' Minich, 2001 **** Species †''Suchonichthys molini'' Minich, 2001 *** Genus ?†''

Trachelacanthus ''Trachelacanthus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Late Permian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive ...

'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 **** Species †''Trachelacanthus stschurovskii'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 *** Genus ?†'' Triassodus'' Su, 1984 **** Species †''Triassodus yanchangensis'' Su, 1984 *** Genus ?†'' Turfania'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. taoshuyuanensis'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. varta'' Wang, 1979 *** Genus ?†'' Turgoniscus'' Jakovlev, 1968 **** Species †''Turgoniscus reissi'' Jakovlev, 1968 *** Genus ?†'' Weixiniscus'' Su & Dezao, 1994 **** Species †''Weixiniscus microlepis'' Su & Dezao, 1994 *** Genus ?†'' Xingshikous'' Liu, 1988 **** Species †''Xingshikous xishanensis'' Liu, 1988 *** Genus ?†'' Yaomoshania'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991 **** Species †''Yaomoshania minutosquama'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991 **'' Brachydegma''

Other families attributed to Palaeonisciformes

This list includes

that at one time or another were placed in the order Palaeonisciformes. The species included in these families are often poorly known, and a close relationship with the family Palaeoniscidae is therefore doubtful unless confirmed by

cladistic analyses Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

. These families are therefore better treated as Actinopterygii ''

incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' for the time being. The

of early actinopterygians is a matter of ongoing studies. * † Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977 * † Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969 * †

Brazilichthyidae ''Brazilichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch in what is now Maranhão, Brazil (Parnaíba Basin). The type and only species, ''B. macrognathus'', is known fr ...

Cox & Hutchinson, 1991 * † Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960 * †

Coccolepididae Coccolepididae is an extinct family of ray-finned fish, known from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, most of which were originally referred to the type genus '' Coccolepis.'' They had a widespread distribution, being found in North and South ...

Berg, 1940 corrig. * † Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963 * † Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig. * † Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969 * † Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939 * † Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977 * † Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978 * † Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989 * † Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971 * † Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963 * † Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963 * † Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955 * † Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010 * † Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig. * † Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996 * † Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931

Timeline of genera

'' Andreolepis hedei'', previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes, has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (

Late Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 23.5 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the third and shortest period of t ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

, and

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the

Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a Geologic time scale, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era that spans 60 million years, from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the ...

, after the end-

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Early Early may refer to: Places in the United States * Early, Iowa, a city * Early, Texas, a city * Early Branch, a stream in Missouri * Early County, Georgia * Fort Early, Georgia, an early 19th century fort Music * Early B, stage name of Jamaican d ...

from: -513 till: -501 color:middlecambrian text: M. from: -501 till: -488.3 color:latecambrian text: L. from: -488.3 till: -471.8 color:earlyordovician text: E. from: -471.8 till: -460.9 color:middleordovician text: M. from: -460.9 till: -443.7 color:lateordovician text: L. from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text: L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text: W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text: L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text: P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text: E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text: M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text: L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text: Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text: Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text:

from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text: M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text: L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text: E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text: Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:

Late Late or LATE may refer to: Everyday usage * Tardy, or late, not being on time * Late (or the late) may refer to a person who is dead Music * ''Late'' (The 77s album), 2000 * Late (Alvin Batiste album), 1993 * Late!, a pseudonym used by Dave Groh ...

from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text: E. from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: M. from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: L. from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:

from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:

bar:eratop from: -542 till: -488.3 color:cambrian text:

Cambrian The Cambrian ( ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 51.95 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Ordov ...

from: -488.3 till: -443.7 color:ordovician text:

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era, and the second of twelve periods of the Phanerozoic Eon (geology), Eon. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years f ...

from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text:

from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:

from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text:

from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the s ...

from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:

Triassic The Triassic ( ; sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is t ...

from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...

from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:

PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:llandovery bar:NAM1 from: -422.9 till: -421.5 text:

Andreolepis ''Andreolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric fish, which lived around 420 million years ago. It was described by Walter Gross in 1968 based on scales found in the Hemse Formation in Gotland, Sweden. It is placed in the monogeneric family ...

color:llandovery bar:NAM2 from: -422.9 till: -418.7 text:

Naxilepis ''Naxilepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera from the fossil r ...

color:llandovery bar:NAM3 from: -422.9 till: -416 text:

Lophosteus ''Lophosteus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish Osteichthyes ( ; ), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a Biodiversity, diverse clade of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily com ...

color:llandovery bar:NAM4 from: -422.9 till: -397.5 text:

Ligulalepis ''Ligulalepis'' is an extinct genus of stem-osteichthyans which lived from the Silurian to the Early Devonian. ''Ligulalepis'' was first described from isolated scales found in the Taemas-Wee jasper limestones of New South Wales (Emsian age) by ...

color:earlydevonian bar:NAM5 from: -416 till: -397.5 text:

Dialiipina ''Dialipina'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine bony fish from the Early Devonian. It contains two species, both known from the high Arctic of Asia and North America. It was initially thought to be and sometimes still is treated as an ea ...

color:earlydevonian bar:NAM6 from: -416 till: -359.2 text: Osorioichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM7 from: -397.5 till: -391.8 text: Stegotrachelus color:middledevonian bar:NAM8 from: -397.5 till: -385.3 text:

Orvikuina ''Orvikuina'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera from the fossil r ...

color:middledevonian bar:NAM9 from: -397.5 till: -359.2 text:

Moythomasia ''Moythomasia'' (named for James Alan Moy-Thomas) is an extinct genus of early ray-finned fish from the Devonian period, known from fossils found in Europe and Australia. ''Moythomasia'' was a small freshwater fish, measuring about in length. ...

color:latedevonian bar:NAM10 from: -385.3 till: -374.5 text:

Mimia Mimia or some variant thereof may refer to: * ''Mimia'' (butterfly), a living genus of butterflies of the family Hesperiidae * ''Mimia'' (fish), a fossil genus of fish of the class Actinopterygii * the title character of '' Tales of Princess Mimi ...

color:latedevonian bar:NAM11 from: -364.3 till: -359.2 text: Tegeolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM12 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Whiteichthys ''Whiteichthys'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Tournaisian age of the Mississippian epoch in what is now Greenland. It is named after Errol Ivor White. Classification ''Whiteichthys'' was variably classified in th ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM13 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Watsonichthyes color:mississippian bar:NAM14 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Wardichthys ''Wardichthys'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian epoch. It was named in honour of the fossil collector John Ward (1837-1906) of Longton, Staffordshire by Ramsay Heatley Traquair ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM15 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Styracopterus ''Styracopterus'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian Mississippian may refer to: * Mississippian (geology), a subperiod of the Carboniferous period in the geologic timescale, rou ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM16 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Protamblyptera color:mississippian bar:NAM17 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Platysomus color:mississippian bar:NAM18 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Paramesolepis ''Paramesolepis'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian Mississippian may refer to: * Mississippian (geology), a subperiod of the Carboniferous period in the geologic timescale, rou ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM19 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paragonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM20 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Paradrydenius ''Paradrydenius'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM21 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Nematoptychius ''Nematoptychius'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived from the Visean age of the Mississippian epoch (Early Carboniferous) to the Bashkirian age of the Pennsylvanian epoch (Late Carboniferous) in what is now Scotland, Belgium and ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM22 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Mesolepis ''Mesolepis'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian Mississippian may refer to: * Mississippian (geology), a subperiod of the Carboniferous period in the geologic timescale, roughly ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM23 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Gonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM24 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Elonichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM25 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Drydenius color:mississippian bar:NAM26 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cosmoptychius color:mississippian bar:NAM27 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Cornuboniscus ''Cornuboniscus'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Pennsylvanian epoch (Carboniferous), and the only member of the family Cornuboniscidae. It contains a single species, ''C. budensis'' from the Bashkirian/ ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM28 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cheirodopsis color:mississippian bar:NAM29 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Brachypareion color:mississippian bar:NAM30 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Acrolepis ''Acrolepis'' (Ancient Greek for "tip scale") is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine bony fish that lived from the Famennian stage of the Devonian to the early Triassic epoch (geology), epoch. Some species from the Early Triassic of Tasmania ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM31 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Sundayichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM32 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text:

Strepeoschema ''Strepheoschema'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the early Mississippian (Tournaisian– Visean) in what is now Berwickshire, Scotland, and Northumberland, England. Fossils were recovered from the Ballagan Formation ( ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM33 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Phanerosteon color:mississippian bar:NAM34 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text:

Kentuckia ''Kentuckia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. Taxonomy * Family Kentuckiidae Gardiner 1993 ** Genus ''Kentuckia'' Rayner 1951 *** ''K. deani'' (Eastman 1907) 'Rhadinichthys deani'' Eastman 1907*** ''K. hlavini'' Dunkle 1964 See a ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM35 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text:

color:mississippian bar:NAM36 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text:

Bendenius ''Benedenius'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish. It is known from the Early Carboniferous of Belgium. It was named after Belgian paleontologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden. It contains two species: * ''B. deneensis'' (v ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM37 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text:

Aetheretmon ''Aetheretmon'' is an extinct genus of freshwater and estuarine ray-finned fish that lived during the early Mississippian (Dinantian) age in what is now Europe, including Scotland, Belarus, and Russia. It contains only the species ''A. valentiac ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM38 from: -359.2 till: -299 text:

color:mississippian bar:NAM39 from: -359.2 till: -299 text:

Cycloptychius ''Cycloptychius'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater & marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish that existed throughout much of the Carboniferous period (geology), period in Eurasia, and possibly into the Cisuralian, Early Permian in Sou ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM40 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text:

Willomorichthys ''Willomorichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Carboniferous period ( Visean age) in what is now South Africa. Fossils were recovered from the Upper Witteberg Series. See also * Prehistoric fish * List o ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM41 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text:

Dwykia ''Dwykia'' (named after the overlying Dwyka Group) is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the early Carboniferous period (Tournaisian age) in what is now South Africa. It contains a single species, ''D. a ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM42 from: -345.3 till: -318.1 text: Borichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM43 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Wendyichths color:mississippian bar:NAM44 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Cyranorhis color:mississippian bar:NAM45 from: -318.1 till: -318.1 text:

Paramblypterus ''Paramblypterus'' is an extinct genus of Paleozoic bony fish. This taxon would often fall under predation from Paleozoic tetrapods such as '' Sclerocephalus'' See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehis ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM46 from: -318.1 till: -270.6 text: Coccocephalichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM47 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Nozamichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM48 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text:

Illiniichthys ''Illiniichthys'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the late Moscovian stage of the Pennsylvanian epoch in what is now Illinois, United States. Fossils were collected from the Mazon Creek fossil beds. The genus is named aft ...

color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM49 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text:

Haplolepis ''Haplolepis'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived during the late Moscovian Stage of the Pennsylvanian Period. Well-preserved specimens are known from the Lagerstätte in the Upper Freeport Coal at Linton, Ohio, and were first desc ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM50 from: -299 till: -294.6 text:

Charleuxia ''Charleuxia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Asselian age (Cisuralian/early Permian epoch) in what is now Burgundy, France (Autun). It may possibly belong to the genus '' Paramblypterus''. S ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM51 from: -299 till: -270.6 text:

Uydenia ''Uydenia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish from the Cisuralian (early Permian) of Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan). See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to cre ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM52 from: -299 till: -270.6 text:

Palaeothrissum ''Palaeothrissum'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish References

Palaeonisciformes {{palaeonisciformes-stub ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM53 from: -299 till: -270.6 text:

Eigilia ''Eigilia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Roadian age (Guadalupian/middle Permian) in what is now Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan). It is known from the Verka Formation. The type and only speci ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM54 from: -280 till: -270.6 text:

Westollia ''Westollia'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish only known at Gottlob Quarry, from the early Asselian Goldlauter Formation of Thuringia, Germany. The type and only species, ''Westollia crassa'', was first described as ''Lepidopterus crassus ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM55 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Igornella color:earlypermian bar:NAM56 from: -280 till: -270.6 text:

Decazella ''Decazella'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the late Carboniferous period. It contains a single species, ''D. vetteri'' from the Gzhelian ( Stephanian) age of what is now Occitania, France (near Decazeville ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM57 from: -280 till: -270.6 text:

Burbonella ''Bourbonnella'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater and coastal marine ray-finned fish that lived during the late Mississippian (Carboniferous) and Asselian (Cisuralian/early Permian epoch) in what is now Burgundy (Autun, France), t ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM58 from: -280 till: -270.6 text:

Aedulla ''Aeduella'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian (geology), Pennsylvanian, Carboniferous ) and Asselian-Sakmarian (Cisuralian/early Permian epoch) age (geology), ages in what is no ...

color:middlepermian bar:NAM59 from: -270.6 till: -251.9 text:

color:middlepermian bar:NAM60 from: -270.6 till: -260.4 text: Boreolepis color:latepermian bar:NAM61 from: -260 till: -251 text:

color:latepermian bar:NAM62 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Tienshaniscus ''Tienshaniscus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Lopingian (late Permian) epoch in what is now Xinjiang, China. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fis ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM63 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Sinoniscus ''Sinoniscus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Late Permian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive list ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM64 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Rhabdolepis ''Rhabdolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Asselian age of the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch in what is now Germany (Rhineland-Palatine, Saarland) and France (Burgundy). Two species are known, ''Rhabd ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM65 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Paralogoniscus ''Paralogoniscus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch in what is now East Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan. It could reach body lengths of up to ca. . See also * Prehistoric fish * List of ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM66 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Neuburgella ''Neuburgella'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch in what is now Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan). See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehist ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM67 from: -260 till: -251 text: Korutichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM68 from: -260 till: -251 text: Inichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM69 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Gardinerichthys ''Gardinerichthys'' is an extinct genus of freshwater actinopterygian bony fish from the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch of Germany (Rhineland-Palatine, Saarland), and the middle Permian of India (Jammu and Kashmir). The type species, ''G. latu ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM70 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Eurynotoides ''Eurynotoides'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Eurynotoididae of the order Eurynotoidiformes. It is known from the mid-late Permian of south-central Russia. Taxonomy The genus was erected by Berg ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM71 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Chichia ''Chichia'' is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Guadalupian (middle Permian) epoch. It contains a single species, ''C. gracilis'', known from the Bogda Shan of Xinjiang, China. See also * Prehistoric fish * ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM72 from: -260 till: -251 text:

color:latepermian bar:NAM73 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Amblypterina ''Kichkassia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish from the order Eurynotoidiformes. It contains only a single species, ''K. furcae'', known from the Permian of European Russia European Russia is the western and mo ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM74 from: -260 till: -228 text:

Urosthenes ''Urosthenes'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Lopingian (late Permian) to Middle Triassic epochs in what is now New South Wales, Australia. The type species is ''U. australis'', described from Middle Triassic ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM75 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Stichopterus ''Stichopterus'' is an extinct genus of chondrostean ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Cretaceous epoch in Asia. It has been found in Russia (Murtoi Formation) and Mongolia. The type species, ''Stichopterus woodwardi'', was named a ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM76 from: -251 till: -245 text: Sakamenichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM77 from: -251 till: -245 text:

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM78 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Helichthys ''Helichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch in what is now South Africa. Although several species of ''Helichthys'' have been erected (''H. elegans'', ''H. stegopyge'', ''H. obesus'', '' ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM79 from: -251 till: -245 text: Evenkia color:earlytriassic bar:NAM80 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Dictyopype ''Dictyopyge'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that inhabited eastern North America during the early part of the Late Triassic. Two species are recognized, both from the early Carnian-aged Doswell Formation in what i ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM81 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Daedalichthys ''Daedalichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch. It contains a single species, ''D. formosa'' (=''D. higginsi'' Warren, 1936) from the Olenekian-aged ''Cynognathus'' Assem ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM82 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Broovalia ''Brookvalia'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Middle Triassic epoch (Anisian stage). It contains four species, all known from the Hawkesbury Sandstone near Brookvale, New South Wales, Australi ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM83 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Atopocephala ''Atopocephala'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Middle Triassic epoch. It contains a single species, ''A. watsoni'' from the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa. A potential indeterminate species ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM84 from: -251 till: -228 text:

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM85 from: -251 till: -175.6 text:

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM86 from: -249.7 till: -199.6 text:

color:middletriassic bar:NAM87 from: -245 till: -237 text:

Dorsolepis ''Dorsolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that lived during the early Anisian age (Middle Triassic epoch) in what is now France (Alsace) and Germany (Baden-Württemberg). Fossils were found in the Grès à Voltzia ...

color:middletriassic bar:NAM88 from: -245 till: -237 text:

Caruichthys ''Caruichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch. It contains a single species, ''Caruichthys ornatus'', known from what is now South Africa (Cradock District). It is known f ...

color:middletriassic bar:NAM89 from: -245 till: -228 text:

color:middletriassic bar:NAM90 from: -245 till: -228 text: Aegicephalichthys color:latetriassic bar:NAM91 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text: Scanilepis color:latetriassic bar:NAM92 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text:

Fukangichthys ''Fukangichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to c ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM93 from: -199.6 till: -196.5 text:

Browneichthys ''Coccolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish in the family Coccolepididae. Originally including most species within the family, it is now restricted to two species from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of German ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM94 from: -199.6 till: -194.2 text:

Cosmolepis ''Cosmolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Jurassic epoch. It contains a single species, ''C. ornatus'' from the Blue Lias in what is now England. It is the only member of the family Cosm ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM95 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text:

Plesiococcolepis ''Plesiococcolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish. It belongs to the family Coccolepididae and is known from the Early Jurassic of Lingling-Hengyang, Hunan, China. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fi ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM96 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text:

Centrolepis ''Centrolepis'' is a genus of small herbaceous plants in the family Restionaceae known as thorn grass scales, with about 25 species native to Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and south-east Asia as far north as Hainan Dao. APG III system clas ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM97 from: -196.5 till: -175.6 text:

Chondrosteus ''Chondrosteus'' ("cartilage bone" in Greek) is a genus of extinct marine actinopterygian (ray-finned fish) belonging to the family Chondrosteidae. It lived during the Hettangian and Sinemurian (early Early Jurassic) in what is now England. ''Ch ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM98 from: -196.5 till: -140.2 text:

Coccolepis ''Coccolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish in the family Coccolepididae. Originally including most species within the family, it is now restricted to two species from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM99 from: -183 till: -180.53 text:

Strongylosteus ''Strongylosteus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the early Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch (geology), epoch.Hennig, E. (1925). ''Chondrosteus Hindenburgi'' Pomp.---Ein «Stör» des württembergisc ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM100 from: -183 till: -164.7 text:

Gyrosteus ''Gyrosteus'' is an extinct genus of a large ray-finned fish belonging to the family Chondrosteidae. It comprises the type species, ''Gyrosteus mirabilis'', which lived during the early Toarcian (Late Early Jurassic) in what is now northern Euro ...

color:middlejurassic bar:NAM101 from: -167.7 till: -161.2 text: Hulettia color:latejurassic bar:NAM102 from: -150.8 till: -149.03 text:

Songanella ''Songanella'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the early Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt ...

color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM103 from: -145.5 till: -130 text:

Psilichthys ''Psilichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish from Eumeralla Formation, the Lower Cretaceous epoch of what is now Victoria, Australia, known from single species ''P. selwyni''. This is the first Mesozoic fossil vertebrate named fro ...

color:latecretaceous bar:NAM104 from: -83.5 till: -70.6 text:

Asarotus ''Asarotus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish from the Niobrara Formation of Nebraska, during the Campanian. The type species, ''A. arcanus'' is only known from poorly preserved single specimen, which make ...

PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -542 till: -513 color:earlycambrian text:

from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:

bar:era from: -542 till: -488.3 color:cambrian text:

from: -488.3 till: -443.7 color:ordovician text:

from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text:

from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:

from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text:

from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:

from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:

from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:

from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:

References

External links

* * *
Palaeonisciformes
at

University of Bristol The University of Bristol is a public university, public research university in Bristol, England. It received its royal charter in 1909, although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers' school founded in 1595 and University College, Br ...

* {{Evolution of fish, state=collapsed Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Paraphyletic groups