The Baduspanids or Badusbanids ( fa, پادوسبانیان, Pâdusbâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of

Tabaristan Tabaristan or Tabarestan ( fa, طبرستان, Ṭabarestān, or mzn, تبرستون, Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian: , ''Tapur(i)stān''), was the name applied to a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. ...

which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the

Safavids Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...

invaded and conquered their domains.

History

During the

Arab invasion of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 654 AD and led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire as well as the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. The ...

, the last

Sasanian The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th cen ...

King of Kings ()

Yazdegerd III Yazdegerd III (also spelled Yazdgerd III and Yazdgird III; pal, 𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II. Ascending the throne at th ...

() reportedly granted control over

to the

Dabuyid The Dabuyid or Gaubarid Dynasty was a Zoroastrian Iranian dynasty that started in the first half of the seventh century as an independent group of rulers, reigning over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan. Dabuyid rule over Tabaristan and K ...

ruler

Gil Gavbara Gil Gavbara ( fa, گیل گاوباره), also known as Gavbarih (the Cow Devotee), was king and founder of the Dabuyid dynasty in 642, ruling until his death in 660. Origins According to Ibn Isfandiyar, the Dabuyids were descended from Djamasp ...

, who was a great-grandson of

Jamasp Jamasp (also spelled Zamasp or Djamasp; pal, 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯; fa, جاماسپ ''Jāmāsp'') was Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of Peroz I and younger brother of Kavad I. Jamasp was installed on the Sasan ...

(). Gil Gavbara's son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan in 665, thus forming the

Baduspanid dynasty The Baduspanids or Badusbanids ( fa, پادوسبانیان, Pâdusbâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in I ...

, which would rule the region until the 1590s. Another son,

Dabuya Dabuya or Dabuyih ( fa, دابویه), was the Dabuyid ruler ( ispahbadh) of Tabaristan Tabaristan or Tabarestan ( fa, طبرستان, Ṭabarestān, or mzn, تبرستون, Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian: , ''Tapur(i)stān''), wa ...

succeeded their father the former as the head of the Dabuyid family, ruling the rest of Tabaristan. The last Dabuyid ruler

Khurshid Khorshīd or Khorshēd ( , meaning ''the Sun'' or the "Radiant Sun"), also spelled as ''Khurshed'' and ''Khurshid'', is a Persian given name. In the modern day as well as historical Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan, but also in Iraqi Kurdistan, Egypt, ...

managed to safeguard his realm against the

Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...

, but after its replacement by the

Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Mutta ...

, he was finally defeated in 760. Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from

Amul Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is an Indian dairy state government cooperative society, based in Anand, Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is a cooperative brand managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), which today is ...

by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the

Bavandids The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright inde ...

Qarinvandids The Qarinvand dynasty (also spelled Karenvand and Qarenvand), or simply the Karenids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan ( Mazandaran) in what is now northern Iran from the 550s until the 11th-century. They considered themsel ...

, the

Zarmihrids The Zarmihrid dynasty was a local dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over parts of the mountainous areas of the region, from the reign of Sasanian king Khosrau I to 785. The family claimed its origin from a powerful Karen lord named Sukhra, a desce ...

and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous. Due to the regional prominence of the Baduspanids, Ruyan became known as Rustamdar in the

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

era, a deformed form of their regnal title, ''

ustandar ''Ostandar'' or ''Ustandar'' was an administrative title wielded by provincial governors under the Sasanian Empire. They governed the royal lands, known as the ''ostan''. The title was later assumed by the Baduspanids of Ruyan, starting with S ...

'', which they had used since the rule of Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid (). The Baduspanids were briefly deposed from power by the

Mar'ashis The Marashiyan or Marashis ( Mazandarani: مرعشیون, fa, مرعشیان) were an Iranian Sayyid Twelver Shiʿite dynasty of Mazandarani origin, ruling in Mazandaran from 1359 to 1596. The dynasty was founded by Mir-i Buzurg, a Sayyid na ...

, who ruled Rustamdar from 1381 till 1390, when they decided to install Baduspanid prince Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince

Iskandar-i Shaykhi Iskandar-i Shaykhi ( fa, اسکندر شیخی), was an Iranian from the Afrasiyab dynasty, who ruled Amul as a Timurid vassal from 1393 to 1403. He was the youngest son of Kiya Afrasiyab, who had initially established his rule in eastern Mazan ...

who accompanied the

Turco-Mongol The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century, among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate. The ruling Mongolian nobility, Mongol elites of these Kh ...

ruler

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...

(), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. In 1399/1400, he deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler Kayumarth I were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur. However, in 1405, he restored his rule in Rustamdar. He died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were eventually deposed in 1590s by the

Safavid Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often consid ...

monarch of Iran,

Abbas the Great Abbas I ( fa, ; 27 January 157119 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. He was the third so ...

().

Known Baduspanid rulers

* 665-694 :

Baduspan I Baduspan I or Padusban I ( fa, پادوسبان یکم) was the first Ispahbad ''Spāhbed'' (also spelled ''spahbod'' and ''spahbad'') is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire. Originally there was a s ...

* 694-723 : Khurzad ibn Baduspan * 723-762 : Baduspan II * 762-791 :

Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan Shahriyar ( fa, شهریار), also spelled as ''Sharyar, Sheryar'', ''Shariyar'', ''Shahryar'', ''Schahryar'', ''Shahriar'', ''Shariar'', ''Sheharyar'', ''Shaheryar'', ''Shaharyar'', ''Shehreyar'', or ''Shehiryar,'' and pronounced /sha ree YAAR/, i ...

* 791-822 : Vanda-Umid * 822-855 :

Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid Abd Allah ( ar, عبدالله, translit=ʻAbd Allāh), also spelled Abdallah, Abdellah, Abdollah, Abdullah and many others, is an Arabic name meaning "Servant of God". It is built from the Arabic words '' abd'' () and ''Allāh'' (). Although the ...

Afridunid line

* 855-??? : Afridun ibn Karan * ???-??? :

Baduspan III Baduspan (also spelled Badusban and Fadusban) was the name of a mountainous district located in the Alborz area of Tabaristan/ Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It was a days walk south of the city of Sari A sari (s ...

* ???-??? :

Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan Shahriyar ( fa, شهریار), also spelled as ''Sharyar, Sheryar'', ''Shariyar'', ''Shahryar'', ''Schahryar'', ''Shahriar'', ''Shariar'', ''Sheharyar'', ''Shaheryar'', ''Shaharyar'', ''Shehreyar'', or ''Shehiryar,'' and pronounced /sha ree YAAR/, i ...

* 887-899 : Hazar Sandan

Shahriyarid line

* 899-938 : Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid * 938-965 :

Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monot ...

* 965-??? : Istwandad * 974-1010 : Zarrin-Kamar I * 1010-1036 : Ba-Harb * 1036-1067 :

Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I Fakhr, also Fakhar or Faḵr ( ar, فخر), may be a given name or a surname. It literally means "pride", "honor", "glory" in Arabic. It may also be a part of a given name such as Fakhr al-Din, "pride of the faith". Notable people with the name ...

* 1067-1092 :

Ardashir Ardeshir or Ardashir ( Persian: اردشیر; also spelled as Ardasher) is a Persian name popular in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries. Ardashir is the New Persian form of the Middle Persian name , which is ultimately from Old Iranian ''*Ar ...

* 1092-1132:

Hazarasp I Hazorasp ( uz, Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp ( fa, هزار اسپ, meaning ''"thousand horses"''), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative c ...

* 1117-1168 : Shahrivash * 1168-1184 : Kai Ka'us I * 1184-1190 : Hazarasp II * 1190-1209 :

Bavandid The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright inde ...

occupation * 1209-1213 : Zarrin-Kamar II * 1213 -1223 :

Bisutun I Bisutun () (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977). He was the eldest son of Vushmgir. Biography During his father's lifetime, Bisutun was the governor of Tabaristan. Upon Vushmgir's death in 967 during a hunting expedition, he went t ...

* 1223-1242/1243 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II * Died in 1242 : Hosam al-Dawla Ardashir * 1242- ???? : Iskandar I * 1242-1272 : Shahragim * 1272-1301 : Namawar Shah Ghazi * 1301-1311 : Kay Khusraw * 1311-1317 : Shams al-Muluk Muhammad * 1317-1324 : Nasir al-Din Shahriyar * 1324-1333 : Taj al-Dawla Ziyar * 1333-1359 :

Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar was the ruler ('' ustandar'') of the Baduspanids from 1333 to 1360. Under his rule, the kingdom reached its zenith. Taking advantage of the collapse of the Mongol Ilkhanate in 1335, he expanded his rule into the southern Alb ...

* 1359-1378 : Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi * 1378-1379 : Adud al-Dawla Qubad * 1379-1391 : Mar'ashi occupation * 1391-1394 : Sa'd al-Dawla Tus * 1399-1453 : Kayumarth I

Nur branch

* 1453-1467 : Ka'us II * 1467-1499 :

Jahangir I Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), known by his imperial name Jahangir (; ), was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 until he died in 1627. He was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti. Ea ...

* 1499-1507 :

Bisutun II Bisutun () (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977). He was the eldest son of Vushmgir. Biography During his father's lifetime, Bisutun was the governor of Tabaristan. Upon Vushmgir's death in 967 during a hunting expedition, he went to ...

* 1507-1550 : Bahman of Tabaristan * 1550-1576 : Kayumarth IV * 1582-1586 :

Sultan Aziz Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

* 1586-1593/1594 : Jahangir III

Kojur branch

* 1453-1476 : Iskandar IV * 1476-1491 : Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar * 1491-1507 :

Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, fr ...

* 1507-1543 :

Ka'us III Ka'us III ( fa, کاووس), was the fourth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla. Biography During his reign, relations with the Kia'id Khan Ahmad Khan flourished, and by 1514 family ties ...

* 1543-1555 :

Kayumarth III Kayumarth III ( fa, کیومرث), was the fifth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ka'us III. Biography During the reign of Kayumarth's father, Ka'us III, the latter had Kayumarth imprisoned for unknown reaso ...

* 1555-1567 : Jahangir II * 1568-1590 : Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir * 1590-1598 :

Jahangir IV Jahangir IV ( fa, جهانگیر), was the last ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir. Biography In 1593, Jahangir arrived to the court of Abbas I of Persia, and established good rel ...

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Sasanian Empire