Padderi ( ) is a dialect spoken in the Padar valley in

Kishtwar district Kishtwar district is an administrative district of the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir of the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the ...

in the Indian territory of

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to: * Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory since 2019 * Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019 * Jammu and Kashmir (prin ...

. It belongs to the Bhadarwahi group of dialects, and is classified as a member of the

Western Pahari The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar ...

branch of the

Indo-Aryan languages The Indo-Aryan languages, or sometimes Indic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. As of 2024, there are more than 1.5 billion speakers, primarily concentrated east ...

. It is very similar to the

Pangwali Pangwali ( Takri: ) is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in the Pangi Tehsil of Chamba district, and is threatened to go extinct. Pangwali is natively written in the Takri script, but Devanagari is used as well. It is very similar to the ...

language of Pangi, Himachal Pradesh. This language has been influenced heavily by the neighbouring Kashmiri language. The Padar valley is about 80 km long, the terrain is rugged and mountainous, and the population is found mainly in scattered hamlets, with the main village being Atholi. The number of speakers, as of the 1981 census, stood at . Padri shares a large proportion of its vocabulary with other Western Pahari varieties (like Bhadarwahi,

and Siraji). There are two

genders Gender is the range of social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man (or boy), woman (or girl), or third gender. Although gender often corresponds to sex, a transgender person may identify with a gender other than the ...

: masculine and feminine (there is no neuter). Nouns change for

case Case or CASE may refer to: Instances * Instantiation (disambiguation), a realization of a concept, theme, or design * Special case, an instance that differs in a certain way from others of the type Containers * Case (goods), a package of relate ...

, but not normally for number. However, some nouns do have plurals, which are formed using a variety of strategies: * 'boys' * 'leaves' * 'tongues' * 'girls' * 'walnuts'

Phonology

P.K. Koul mentions several series of "complex sounds". One such series consists of a consonant + ''y'' (for example 'to play', 'apple'), and another one involves a consonant + ''v'' (as in 'dog', 'to sort'), but it is unclear whether these are

co-articulated consonant Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. They may be divided into two classes: doubly articulated consonants with two primary places of articulation of the same manner ...

s (involving palatalisation and

labialisation Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...

respectively) or merely sequences of two separate consonants. Another set of distinctive sounds (shared with neighbouring Bhadarwahi dialects, where they are even more widespread) involve a combination of a

retroflex stop In phonetics and phonology, a retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, made with the tongue curled back and in contact with area behind the alveolar ridge or with the hard palate (hence retroflex), held tightly enough to block the passage of ...

+ the lateral ''l'': ''ṭ͡lai'' 'three', ''niḍ͡l'' 'sleep', ''ḍ͡lau'' 'village'. These often correspond to clusters of a consonant + ''r'' in the ancestor language (compare the Sanskrit equivalents of the above three words: ''trīṇi-'', ''nidrā-'' and ''grāma-'').; .

References

Bibliography

* *{{cite book, last = Kaul, first = Pritam Krishen, year = 2006b, title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu, volume = 2, place = Delhi, publisher = Eastern Book Linkers, chapter = Pāḍrī, pages = 1–33, isbn = 8178541025, language = Hindi Originally published in ''Chandrabhāg Ṭaṭ kī Parvatīya Boliyāṃ''

977 Year 977 ( CMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – Boris II, dethroned emperor (''tsar'') of Bulgaria, and his brother Roman manage to escape from captivity in Const ...

Languages of Jammu and Kashmir Indo-Aryan languages Endangered languages of India Languages written in Devanagari Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census