Pacific Clipper
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The ''Pacific Clipper'' (civil registration NC18602) was an American Boeing 314 Clipper
flying boat A flying boat is a type of seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a floatplane in having a fuselage that is purpose-designed for flotation, while floatplanes rely on fuselage-mounted floats for buoyancy. Though ...
, famous for having completed an unplanned nearly around-the-world flight in December 1941 and January 1942 as the California Clipper. Aviation experts called the flight the first commercial circumnavigation of the globe because the aircraft made it back to its country of origin.


History

The Boeing 314 with civil registration NC18602 was delivered to Pan American; it made its shakedown flight from
San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...
, United States to
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
from February 23 to March 3, 1939.


Flight

On December 2, 1941, the Clipper departed from the Pan American base on
Treasure Island, San Francisco Treasure Island is a man-made island in San Francisco Bay, and a neighborhood in the City and County of San Francisco. Built in 1936–37 for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, the island was named by Clyde Milner Vandeburg, part ...
for its scheduled passenger service to
Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...
,
New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
. It landed at Pan American's LaGuardia Field seaplane base in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
five weeks later, at 7:12 on the morning of January 6, 1942.


Crew

*Captain Robert Ford *First Officer John H. Mack *Second Officer/Navigator Roderick N. Brown *Third Officer James G. Henriksen *Fourth Officer John D. Steers *First Engineer Homans K. "Swede" Roth *Second Engineer John B. "Jocko" Parish *First Radio Officer John Poindexter* *Second Radio Officer Oscar Hendrickson *Radio Operator Edward Leach** *Purser Barney Sawicki *Asst Purser Verne C. Edwards Poindexter departed Treasure Island, California as an observer tasked with validating the performance of a new radio set; for that leg of the journey, Hendrickson was first radio officer and the second radio officer position was vacant. Upon arrival in
San Pedro, California San Pedro ( ; ) is a neighborhood located within the South Bay (Los Angeles County), South Bay and Los Angeles Harbor Region, Harbor region of the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los ...
, Captain Ford learned that the man who was supposed in serve as second radio officer was hospitalized and Poindexter, who was senior to Hendrickson, agreed to continue on the trans-Pacific journey, becoming the first radio officer. Leach was a staff passenger, originally being transported from
Nouméa Nouméa () is the capital and largest city of the French Sui generis collectivity, special collectivity of New Caledonia and is also the largest Francophone city in Oceania. It is situated on a peninsula in the south of New Caledonia's main i ...
, New Caledonia to
Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...
, New Zealand. After boarding in Nouméa, Leach remained with the aircraft until its arrival in New York.


Scheduled points

#
San Pedro, California San Pedro ( ; ) is a neighborhood located within the South Bay (Los Angeles County), South Bay and Los Angeles Harbor Region, Harbor region of the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los ...
, United States on December 2, 1941, where the designated second radio officer was scheduled to join the crew; Ford learned that the man had been hospitalized. When informed of the need, Poindexter agreed to continue the flight. #
Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu ( ; ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is the county seat of the Consolidated city-county, consolidated City and County of Honol ...
for crew rest. #
Canton Island Canton Island (also known as Kanton or Abariringa), previously known as Mary Island, Mary Balcout's Island or Swallow Island, is the largest, northernmost, and , the sole inhabited island of the Phoenix Islands, in the Republic of Kiribati. It i ...
for fuel. # Suva, Fiji for fuel. # Nouméa, New Caledonia for fuel. #Auckland, New Zealand for termination and return to California. When the aircraft was between Nouméa and Auckland, Ford learned of the
attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Empire of Japan on the United States Pacific Fleet at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, its naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu, Territory of ...
in Hawaii. He opened his instructions labelled "Plan A" and learned that he was to land at Auckland and await further instructions.


Extended points

#Auckland: Ford received a message from Flight Operations of Pan American to not return through the war zone but to strip all external identification from his aircraft and to proceed westward as soon as his judgment allowed and return to LaGuardia Field in New York. The plan designed by Ford and his officers was to begin by flying to Sydney, Australia. While preparing for departure, Ford received additional instructions to return to Nouméa and evacuate all Pan American personnel and their families to
Gladstone, Queensland Gladstone () is a coastal city in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the Gladstone urban area had a population of 45,185 people. It is by road north-west of the state capital, Brisbane, and south-east of Rockhampton, Queensl ...
, Australia. Ford ordered his crew to suspend stripping the markings from the fuselage and to disassemble two spare engines and to load them onto NC18602 as insurance. The aircraft departed for New Caledonia in the dark. #Nouméa: The aircraft landed at Pan American's Nouméa base early in the morning of December 16, 1941. Airline operations had ordered that an additional engine, in a crate, be transported to Karachi, British India. The crew loaded the engine, took on the airline employees and their families, and left for Gladstone later on December 16 #Gladstone: NC18602 arrived in Gladstone the same day. Ford was disappointed to learn that no 100 octane aviation fuel was available. At Gladstone, First Engineer Rothe recommended that Ford ask two aircraft mechanics who had been assigned to Nouméa to stay with the aircraft until it arrived in New York. Ford offered the mechanics flight pay if they would continue; both agreed. The ground manager at Gladstone managed to find $500 (U.S.) for Ford so the captain would be able to buy supplies. # Darwin, Australia: Ford was able to acquire aviation fuel in Darwin but it was stored in cans and had to be manually transferred to the tanks of the aircraft; that task was completed early in the morning of December 18, 1941. Ford taxied into the channel and took off, bound for
Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Provinces of Indonesia, province and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strai ...
,
Netherlands East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...
as the Sun rose. #Surabaya: NC18602 was intercepted by aircraft of the Royal Dutch Air Force, which followed the aircraft until Ford landed in a nonthreatening manner. The base had an insufficient supply of aviation fuel to provide the 100 octane product but was able to provide 76 octane automobile gasoline. While the Pan American aircraft was at Surabaya, the surviving aircraft of a U.S. Navy PBY squadron from the Philippines arrived. Before leaving Surabaya, the crew was immunized against typhus, dysentery, and cholera. Ford took off from Surabaya burning their usual 100 octane and switched to the 76 octane after reaching cruising altitude. The engines backfired but kept running. NC18602 proceeded to
Trincomalee Trincomalee (; , ; , ), historically known as Gokanna and Gokarna, is the administrative headquarters of the Trincomalee District and major resort port city of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. Located on the east coast o ...
,
Ceylon Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
. #Trincomalee: On the way to Trincomalee on December 21, 1941, Ford ordered a descent from the cloud cover to determine the aircraft's location. The crew members saw a Japanese submarine on the surface and Ford ascended to avoid being shot down. At least one round was fired by the submarine but missed the aircraft. Upon arrival in Trincomalee, Ford reported sighting the submarine but the British air wing commander did not believe him. Ford and his crew departed Trincomalee on December 21, 1941, but an engine problem forced him to return to the base in Ceylon. They departed for
Karachi Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...
, British India on December 26. #Karachi: Upon arrival, Ford unloaded the boxed engine that he had been ordered to transport from Nouméa. He also learned that Pan American had ordered one of the two mechanics that had been aboard since Nouméa to remain in Karachi to help establish a maintenance base. Ford's flight engineers told him the variable pitch controller that controlled feathering propellers on one engine was faulty; repair would require at least one day. The base in Karachi did have aviation fuel and Ford was able to refuel with the 100 octane product. After all the tasks were completed, NC18602 departed Karachi early in the morning of December 28. #
Bahrain Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia. Situated on the Persian Gulf, it comprises a small archipelago of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island, which mak ...
: Arriving approximately eight hours after leaving Karachi, Ford was told by the local military commander that only 76 octane fuel was available. He also received instructions to leave the remaining mechanic in Bahrain. When Ford filed his flight plan to his next stop in Khartoum, the British dispatcher told him that his plan took him over the holy city of
Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...
, that
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
ns objected to flights over that city, and that he would have to fly north to Kuwait before turning west. Ford agreed, filed an amended plan, and departed in the morning of December 29, 1941. After leaving Bahrain, Ford found sufficient cloud cover and turned west, overflying Mecca enroute to Khartoum. #
Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum is the capital city of Sudan as well as Khartoum State. With an estimated population of 7.1 million people, Greater Khartoum is the largest urban area in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flo ...
, Sudan: Ford successfully landed NC18602 on the Nile River on December 29, 1941, where there was no wharf, and went ashore to confer with the British commander. That commander told him he was being asked to wait until a
very important person A very important person (VIP or V.I.P.) or personage is a person who is accorded special privilege (legal ethics), privileges due to their high social rank, social status, status, social influence, influence, or Importance (disambiguation), impo ...
arrived on a BOAC flight and who required transportation to Léopoldville, Belgian Congo. Ford reluctantly agreed and wait. He did find that 100 octane fuel was available. The "VIP" was revealed to be the wife of a minor British official who had inveigled her way onto a VIP list; she was never identified. During takeoff on January 1, 1942, a portion of the exhaust stack on one of the engines dislodged, producing noise and smoke; Ford decided the risk was acceptable and proceeded to Léopoldville. #
Léopoldville Kinshasa (; ; ), formerly named Léopoldville from 1881–1966 (), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-growing megacities, with an estimated population of 17 million ...
: Upon landing at the Pan American base, Ford and his crew prepared for the longest leg of their journey, mostly over water of 3100 nautical miles. Taking off required moving downriver toward the Congo Gorges. Ford managed to get NC18602 into the air while dangerously overheating the aircraft's engines. Once airborne, Ford and his crew headed west toward Natal, Brazil. During the flight, which lasted almost 48 hours, Ford used a portion of his fuel reserve because he had to navigate around weather systems. NC18602 landed without incident in Natal. # Natal: Upon landing, Ford was told by the base manager that his arrival was expected. Ford's crew was well rested and Ford wanted to refuel and to depart for Port of Spain as soon as possible. The manager told him that refueling could be quickly completed but added that new health regulations required that the interior of the aircraft be sprayed for mosquitoes to control an outbreak of yellow fever and remained sealed for one hour. The flight engineers attempted a repair of the exhaust stack. After takeoff from Natal, the exhaust stack repair failed and the crew learned that the safe on the flight deck had been opened and papers and money had been taken. The assessment was that the exterminators were spies and had taken the objects; this was never confirmed. #
Port of Spain Port of Spain ( ; Trinidadian and Tobagonian English, Trinidadian English: ''Port ah Spain'' ) is the capital and chief port of Trinidad and Tobago. With a municipal population of 49,867 (2017), an urban population of 81,142 and a transient dail ...
, Trinidad and Tobago: The crew got some needed rest after landing. Pan American mechanics completed a repair that lasted on the exhaust stack. In the afternoon of January 5, 1942, NC18602 took off for the final leg of its journey to New York. #New York: NC18602 arrived in New York before dawn on January 6, 1942. The aircraft was required to remain aloft until the sky was light enough for them to safely use the seaplane channel. After landing, the aircraft struck a sandbar while taxiing; it was undamaged. Ford and his crew successfully flew over from Auckland to New York.


Post-mission debriefings

Ford was debriefed by the
Chief of Naval Operations The chief of naval operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy. The position is a statutory office () held by an Admiral (United States), admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the United States Secretary ...
. He reported spotting the Japanese submarine near Sri Lanka and his encounter with the crews of the Navy PBYs.


Aftermath

After the aircraft had completed its harrowing flight to safety, Pan American renamed the aircraft the ''Pacific Clipper''. The name change was mainly for publicity purposes, arising from the first newspaper articles having wrongly identified the aircraft.. On 30/31 January 1942, the ''Pacific Clipper'' transported
Under Secretary of State Under Secretary of State (U/S) is a title used by senior officials of the United States Department of State who rank above the Assistant Secretaries and below the Deputy Secretary. From 1919 to 1972, the Under Secretary was the second-ranking of ...
Sumner Welles from the Pan-American emergency defense conference at
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
to
Miami Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...
, covering the 4,350 miles in a record 33 hours. The black and grey camouflaged ship carried 39 passengers. After the war, in 1946, it was sold to Universal Airlines but was damaged in a storm and ultimately salvaged for parts in 1951.


Aircraft identification

It has been suggested that two aircraft might have been involved in the extended flight: NC18606 from California to Hawaii and NC18602 from Hawaii to New York. However, records indicate the only two B314s were in the Pacific when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. NC18602 was enroute to Auckland from Pearl. NC18611 was inbound to Pearl Harbor with about an hour of flight time remaining; it diverted to
Hilo, Hawaii Hilo () is the largest settlement in and the county seat of Hawaii County, Hawaiʻi, United States, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi, and is a census-designated place (CDP). The population was 44,186 according to the 2020 census. I ...
and returned to California after dark. An article in the Chicago Tribune placed two other clippers in the Pacific in December 1941, identifying them as the Hong Kong Clipper and the Philippine Clipper. The Hong Kong Clipper may have been a Sikorsky S-42 registered as NC16735; the Philippine Clipper may have been a
Martin M-130 The Martin M-130 was a commercial flying boat designed and built in 1935 by the Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland, for Pan American Airways. Three were built: the ''China Clipper'', the ''Pan Am Flight 1104, Philippine Clipper'' and ...
registered as NC14715.


References


Bibliography

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External links

{{Commonscat, NC18602 (aircraft)
The Boeing 314





Saga of the Pacific Clipper

Navy Times
Pan Am Individual aircraft