Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a

taxonomic 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks that live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs t ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. Taxonomy 1997 t ...

.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411651 on 2014-11-20

Distribution

Pachychilids are

s with a worldwide distribution in the tropics. Representatives are found in

South South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...

and

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

, South and South-east

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

and tropical

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

(

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

Torres Strait Islands The Torres Strait Islands are an archipelago of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of , but their tot ...

Description

Pachychilids have an operculum, which is concentric and multispiral.

Ecology

All species in the family inhabit freshwater except '' Faunus ater'', which is a

brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuary ...

snail found in estuaries and other coastal habitats. Pachychilids are either

oviparous Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by depositing fertilized zygotes outside the body (i.e., by laying or spawning) in metabolically independent incubation organs known as eggs, which nurture the embryo into moving offsprings kno ...

(lay eggs),

ovoviviparous Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a "bridging" form of reproduction between egg-laying oviparity, oviparous and live-bearing viviparity, viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develo ...

viviparous In animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, with the maternal circulation providing for the metabolic needs of the embryo's development, until the mother gives birth to a fully or partially developed juve ...

(retain developing eggs and youngs in special incubatory structures).

Notes on the taxonomy

The name is derived from a combination of the words 'pachy' (Greek = thick) and the suffix '-chilus' (Greek = Lip), meaning 'thick lipped' - with respect to the thickened aperture of the shell in some species. Most 20th-century authors did not recognize Pachychilidae as an independent family, but affiliated species under different groups, such as Thiaridae and Pleuroceridae. However, recent revisions based on molecular and morphological evidence have proven their independent and distinct status from the former. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Genera

Genera within the family Pachychilidae include: * † '' Bellatara'' Strand, 1928 - with only one species '' Bellatara janus'' (Mayer, 1870)Gofas, S. (2015). Pachychilidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411651 on 2015-10-09 * '' Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866 * '' Doryssa'' Swainson, 1840 * † '' Eginea'' Pacaud & Harzhauser, 2012 * ''Faunus'' de Montfort, 1810 with the only species '' Faunus ater'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...

) * '' Jagora'' Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2003 * † '' Jponsia'' Pacaud & Harzhauser, 2012 * '' Madagasikara'' Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2010 - synonym: '' Melanatria'' Bowdich, 1822 auctt.Köhler F. & Glaubrecht M. (2010). "Uncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Madagascar’s endemic river snails (Caenogastropoda: Pachychilidae: ''Madagasikara'' gen. nov.). ''

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society The ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a direct descendant of the oldest biological journal in the world, the '' Transactions of the Linnean Society''. It succeeded the earlier title in 1969. The journal specializes in evolution, an ...

'' 99: 867-894. . * † '' Nodifaunus'' Olsson, 1944 * ''

Pachychilus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachy ...

'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 - type genus of the family Pachychilidae * '' Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 * '' Potadoma'' Swainson, 1840 * † '' Pseudobellardia'' Cox, 1931 * '' Pseudopotamis'' Martens, 1894 * '' Sulcospira'' Troschel, 1858 - synonym: ''Adamietta'' Brandt, 1974 * † '' Tinnyea'' Hantken, 1887 * '' Tylomelania'' Sarasin & Sarasin, 1897von Rintelen T. & Glaubrecht M. (2005). "Anatomy of an adaptive radiation: a unique reproductive strategy in the endemic freshwater gastropod ''Tylomelania'' (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) on Sulawesi, Indonesia and its biogeographical implications." ''

'' 85: 513–542. . * † '' Wingeastonia'' K. Martin, 1906 ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Acrostoma'' Brot, 1871: synonym of '' Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 * ''Antimelania'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892: synonym of '' Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866 * ''Brotella'' Rovereto, 1899: synonym of '' Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 * Fauninae Cossmann, 1909 (subfamily) : synonym of ''Pachychilidae'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892 * ''Melanatria'' Bowdich, 1822: synonym of ''

Faunus In Religion in ancient Rome, ancient Roman religion and Roman mythology, myth, Faunus was the rustic god of the forest, plains and fields; when he made cattle fertile, he was called Inuus. He came to be equated in literature with the Greek god ...

'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Oxymelania'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1892: synonym of ''

'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 * ''Pirena'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''

'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Sphaeromelania'' Rovereto, 1899: synonym of ''

'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 * ''Wanga'' Chen, 1943: synonym of '' Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866

Cladogram

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

based on sequences of mitochondrial

16S ribosomal RNA 16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S ...

sequences showing phylogenic relations of Pachychilidae:

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2045444 Gastropod families