''Oxybasis'' is a flowering plant

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

from the subfamily

Chenopodioideae The Chenopodioideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae in the APG III system, which is largely based on molecular phylogeny, but were included – together with other subfamilies – in the family Chenopodiaceae, or goose ...

of the family

Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, maki ...

. It was first described in 1841, and newly used since 2012 for five species that were traditionally grouped into genus ''

Chenopodium ''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoot, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...

''. They occur in Europe, Asia, North Africa and America.

Description

According to Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012), the species in genus ''Oxybasis'' are non-aromatic

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook **Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), a ...

herbs. Their stems grow erect to ascending or prostrate and are branched with usually alternate, basally sometimes nearly opposite branches. The alternate

leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

consist of a petiole and a simple blade. The leaf blade is thickish oder slightly fleshy, and may be triangular, triangular to narrowly triangular, hastate, rhombic, or lanceolate, with entire to dentate margins. The axillary and terminal

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

s consist of spicately or sometimes paniculately arranged compact glomerules of flowers, ebracteate or in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Usually there a two types of flowers: The terminal flowers are

bisexual Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females. It may also be defined as the attraction to more than one gender, to people of both the same and different gender, or the attraction t ...

, with 3-5 nearly free

perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower. It is a structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepal ...

segments, 1 (-5)

stamens The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filamen ...

and an ovary with 2 (-3) stigmas. The lateral flowers are usually

female An organism's sex is female ( symbol: ♀) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell) during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gametes than a male. Females and ...

, with 3 (-4) variously connate perianth segments, missing (-1) stamens and 2 stigmas. The fruit has a membranous

pericarp Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. They are found in three main anatomical categories: aggregate fruits, multiple fruits, and simple fruits. Fruitlike structures may develop directly from the seed itself rather th ...

, which is free or loosely attached to the seed. The oval to orbicular seeds are horizontally orientated in terminal flowers, but vertically or horizontally in lateral flowers. The brownish or black seed coat can be almost smooth, finely reticulate, or minutely pitted.

Systematics

The genus ''Oxybasis'' was first described in 1841 by Grigori Silytsch Karelin and Ivan Petrovich Kirilov (In: Enumeration plantarum anno 1840 in regionibus altaicis et confinibus collectarum. In: ''Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou'' 14: p. 738–739). At this time, the only species of the genus was ''Oxybasis minutiflora'' Kar. & Kir., which was later considered to be identical with ''Chenopodium chenopodioides''. After

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

research, Suzy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila and Thomas Borsch separated the ''Chenopodium rubrum''-Clade from genus ''

'', that would otherwise have been

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

. They used the genus name ''Oxybasis'' as the oldest name on genus level for this group. The genus ''Oxybasis'' belongs to the same tribe as ''Chenopodium'', Tribus Atripliceae. According to Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012), the genus ''Oxybasis'' consists of 5 species: * ''

Oxybasis chenopodioides ''Oxybasis chenopodioides'' (syn. ''Chenopodium chenopodioides'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common name saltmarsh goosefoot (or low goosefoot in America). It is native to Europe, Asia and parts of Af ...

'' (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. ''Chenopodium chenopodioides'' (L.) Aellen), small red Goosefoot, saltmarsh goosefoot: in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

and

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

, naturalized in

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

. * '' Oxybasis glauca'' (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. ''Chenopodium glaucum'' L.), Oak-leaved goosefoot: in Europe, Asia and North America. * '' Oxybasis macrosperma'' (Hook. f.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. ''Chenopodium macrospermum'' Hook. f.): in South America and on

Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; ), commonly referred to as The Falklands, is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and from Cape Dub ...

. * ''

Oxybasis rubra ''Oxybasis rubra''Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: ''A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae).'' In: ''Willdenowia.'' Vol. 42, No. ...

'' (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. ''Chenopodium rubrum'' L.), red goosefoot, coastblite goosefoot: in Europa, temperate Asia, and North America, naturalized elsewhere. * '' Oxybasis urbica'' (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. ''Chenopodium urbicum'' L.), upright goosefoot: in Europa and Asia, naturalized in North America.

References

''Oxybasis'' first description at BHL
/ref> ''Oxybasis''
''Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database''. Retrieved 10 July 2013. Pertti Uotila: ''Chenopodium urbicum''. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Hrsg.): ''Flora Iranica'', Vol. 172 - ''Chenopodiaceae''. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1997, , p. 36–37.

External links

''Oxybasis''
at Tropicos {{Taxonbar, from=Q13847505 Chenopodioideae Amaranthaceae genera