Ovulidae

Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ovulidae J. Fleming, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1747 on 2020-05-25

Distribution

The ovulids are a widespread family, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical waters, with most species in the Indo-West Pacific region. But a few species live in temperate waters.

Habitat

Ovulids are carnivorous molluscs that feed on polyps and tissues of Anthozoa (as do the genera ''Cyphoma'' and ''Pseudocyphoma''). They live on, and eat, soft corals and sea fans, and they are usually regarded as ectoparasites of these sessile colonial organisms, to which they are anchored by a long and narrow foot. This extreme specialisation in their alimentary regime has caused important morphological modifications to their radula.

Shell description

Ovulids mostly have smooth shiny shells with a very long aperture and a very low or invisible spire. The shell can be pyriform (shaped like a pear), ovate (egg-shaped) to sub-ovate, cylindrical or lanceolate (lance-shaped).

The shell is often monochromatic white, but in some species the shell is pink or reddish.

In a few species of ovulids, the shell quite closely resembles that of cowries. However in many other species, the shells are so elongate that they do not so much resemble the shells of that closely related family.

When these snails are alive, the mantle completely covers the shell almost all of the time. Pictures of living animals usually show the brightly colored and decorated mantle, which looks very different from the often rather plain, shiny surface of the shell.

The color patterns of the mantle closely resemble the color patterns of the host species. This is due to the phenomenon of "alimentary homochromy" (obtaining the same color as the host by feeding on the host). This phenomenon gives them a remarkable camouflage ability.

Taxonomy

2005 taxonomy

The following five subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
* Ovulinae Fleming, 1822
** tribe Ovulini Fleming, 1822 – synonyms: Amphiperatidae Gray, 1853; Simniini Schilder, 1927; Volvini Schilder, 1932
** tribe Eocypraeini Schilder, 1924 – synonym: Sulcocypraeini Schilder, 1932
* † Cypraediinae Schilder, 1927
* Jenneriinae Thiele, 1929 – synonym: Cyproglobinini Schilder, 1932
* Pediculariinae Gray, 1853
* Pseudocypraeinae Steadman & Cotton, 1943

See also Schiaparelli ''et al.'' (2005).

2007 taxonomy

Fehse (2007)Fehse D. (2007). "Contributions to the knowledge of the Ovulidae. XVI. The higher systematics". '' Spixiana'' 30(1): 121–125
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. have elevated subfamily Pediculariinae to family Pediculariidae and tribe Eocypraeini to family Eocypraeidae both to family level based on morphological research of the radulae, shell and animal morphology and the molecular phylogeny research of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Subsequently he has established new subfamilies Prionovolvinae and Aclyvolvinae.

family Ovulidae
* subfamily Eocypraeinae F. A. Schilder, 1924
* subfamily Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007
* subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925
* subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828
* subfamily Aclyvolvinae Fehse, 2007

Genera

Genera within the family Ovulidae include:

Subfamily Eocypraeinae F. A. Schilder, 1924 (synonym: Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007)
* '' Adamantia'' Cate, 1973: synonym of ''Diminovula'' Iredale, 1930
* † '' Allmoniella'' Dolin & Dockery, 2018
* '' Amonovula'' Fehse, 2019
* † '' Apiocypraea'' F. A. Schilder, 1927
* '' Archivolva'' F. Lorentz, 2009
*''Calpurnus'' Montfort, 1810<
*''Carpiscula'' Cate, 1973
*'' Crenavolva'' Cate, 1973
*'' Cuspivolva'' Cate, 1973
*'' Dentiovula'' Hinds, 1844
*''Diminovula'' Iredale, 1930
* † '' Eocypraea'' Cossmann, 1903
* † '' Eotrivia'' Schilder, 1924
* † '' Eschatocypraea'' Schilder, 1966
*'' Globovula'' Cate, 1973
* † '' Grovesia'' Dolin & Ledon, 2002
*'' Habuprionovolva'' Azuma, 1970
*'' Lacrima'' Cate, 1973
* † '' Oxycypraea'' F. A. Schilder, 1927
*''Primovula'' Thiele, 1925
*'' Prionovolva'' Iredale, 1930
*'' Procalpurnus'' Thiele, 1939
*'' Prosimnia'' Schilder, 1925
*'' Pseudosimnia'' Schilder, 1925
*'' Rotaovula'' Cate & Azuma in Cate, 1973
*'' Sandalia'' Cate, 1973
*'' Serratovolva'' Cate, 1973
* † '' Taviania'' Dolin & Pacaud, 2009
*'' Stohleroma'' Cate, 1973: synonym of '' Cuspivolva'' C. N. Cate, 1973
*'' Testudovolva'' Cate, 1973

Subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925
*''Cymbovula'' Cate, 1973
*''Cyphoma'' Röding, 1798
*''Dissona'' Cate, 1973
*'' Neosimnia'' Fischer, 1884 – synonym: ''Spiculata'' Cate, 1973
*'' Pseudocyphoma'' Cate, 1973
*'' Simnia'' Risso, 1826
* '' Simnialena'' Cate, 1973

Subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828
*'' Calcarovula'' Cate, 1973
*'' Kurodavolva'' Azuma, 1987
*''Ovula'' Bruguière, 1789
*''Pellasimnia'' Iredale, 1931
*''Phenacovolva'' Iredale, 1930
*''Takasagovolva'' Azuma, 1974
*'' Volva'' Röding, 1798
*'' Xandarovula'' Cate, 1973

Subfamily Aclyvolvinae
*'' Aclyvolva'' Cate, 1973
*'' Hiatavolva'' Cate, 1973
*'' Kuroshiovolva'' Azuma & Cate, 1971

subfamily placement?
* '' Amonovula'' (Petuch, 1973)
* '' Aperiovula'' Cate, 1973
* '' Delonovolva'' Cate, 1973
* '' Subsimnia''

References

Further reading

*
* Dolin, L. & Ledon, D. (2002). "Nouveaux taxons et discussion de la systématique des genres correspondants d’Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) de l’Éocène inférieur de Gan (France)". ''Geodiversitas'' 24(2): 329–347
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External links

*

Ovulidae.com





{{taxonbar, from=Q617225

Gastropod families
Taxa named by John Fleming (naturalist)