Planning
The project was conceived by BBC, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) producer Aubrey Singer. Due to the magnitude of the production, its coordination was transferred to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), with Singer as the project's head. Four communications satellites were used to televise the show around the world. These geosynchronous orbit satellites included Intelsat I (known as "Early Bird") and Intelsat II F-3 ("Canary Bird"). Both satellites were positioned over different parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Intelsat II F-2 ("Lani Bird") and NASA's ATS-1 were positioned over different parts of the Pacific Ocean to complete global coverage. Nine ground stations were utilized to send and receive signals from the satellites. The EBU's Eurovision (network), Eurovision Point-to-point (telecommunications), point-to-point communications network was used within that continent. These signals were monitored and manipulated by technical and production teams in 43 control rooms that linked North America, Europe, Tunisia, Japan and Australia in real time. The master control room for the broadcast was the TC1 Production control room, studio control room at the Television Centre, London, BBC Television Centre in London. Contributions from North America, Japan and Australia were routed to London by the CBS Broadcast Center, CBS Switching Center in New York. It was rented because none of the big-three American networks was directly involved with the broadcast. Contributions from continental Europe and Tunisia were routed to London by the EBU Centre in Brussels. These centres were also in charge of distributing the live master feed from London to the broadcasters in their assigned area. To illustrate the introductory segments, a large set was built at BBC's TC1 studio, which was operated by the TC2 studio control room. To solve language issues, each receiving broadcaster had its own narrator – such as Cliff Michelmore at BBC, or James Dibble at Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC – reading in their own language the script written by Antony Jay. Since the contributions from the participating broadcasters were in their native language, a team of interpreters located at BBC's TC2 studio provided simultaneous translation into English, French and German to the receiving broadcasters, where local commentators voiced-over in their own language the original sound from other broadcasters when in another language. It took 10 months and 10,000 technicians, producers and performers to bring everything together. The ground rules included that no politicians or heads of state could participate in the broadcast. In addition, everything had to be live, so no use of videotape or film was permitted. All participants had to have full knowledge of what was going to be included and the sole reason for including an item would be program balance, not geographical or political concerns. In the dress rehearsal, conducted the day before broadcast, the head of the production noticed that in violation of one of the ground rules, the Mexican broadcaster had pre-recorded their main segment. They included singers, dancers and a flock of white doves taking off right on cue and attempted to pass it off as live. Replicating that scene for the actual broadcast was impossible. So, it was decided to show some of the performers watching their taped performance live on monitors.Participants
Fourteen national broadcasters participated in the program, which was transmitted live to 24 countries, with an estimated audience between 400 and 700 million people. Eighteen national broadcasters were intended to participate, but those of the Eastern Bloc countries – Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and the Soviet Union – pulled out four days before the broadcast in protest of the Western nations' response to the Six-Day War. Due to this withdrawal, a request was made to the Danish broadcaster, which was not originally a participant, for a contribution.Broadcast
Each broadcaster had an explanatory pre-transmission introduction from their studios to their viewers – such as the introduction by Cliff Michelmore at BBC's TC5 studio in London for BBC1, the one by James Dibble at ABC's studio 23 in Sydney for ABC TV (Australian TV channel), ABC-TV and the interview to philosopher Marshall McLuhan at the Production control room, television control room in Toronto for CBC Television – just before connecting to the live master feed from London at 7:00 p.m. GMT. The program was divided into six sections: the Opening, This Moment's World, The Crowded World, Aspiration to Physical Excellence, Aspiration to Artistic Excellence and The World Beyond. These sections were divided into live segments provided by the participating broadcasters. Just before The Crowded World section, another section was scheduled – The Hungry World. But, due to the withdrawal of the Eastern Bloc countries' segments, that section was eventually removed and its remaining segments were incorporated into The Crowded World section.Opening
The opening credits were accompanied by the "Our World theme" played by the Vienna Philharmonic and sung in seventeen different languages by the Vienna Boys' Choir. The program began with an introduction from the BBC's TC1 studio in London and went on attending the births of four children in the delivery rooms at Hokkaido University Hospital in Sapporo, Japan; at Aarhus University Hospital in Aarhus, Denmark; at Hospital de Obstetricia III in Mexico City, Mexico –reported by Pedro Ferriz Santacruz, Pedro Ferriz–; and, at Charles Camsell Hospital in Edmonton, Canada – reported by the CBC's Libbie Christensen.This Moment's World
Back in BBC's TC1 studio in London, a journey around the world was begun by switching to Austria's national broadcaster ORF (broadcaster), Österreichischer Rundfunk-Fernsehen. They showed the Voestalpine, United Austrian Iron and Steelworks in Linz. France was the next destination, aboard a Sécurité Civile, Protection Civile helicopter flying over the returning weekend traffic at Porte de la Chapelle in Paris. It was reported by Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française's Joseph Pasteur. Next, it was off to the monuments in Medina of Tunis, Medina, Tunis in Africa. This segment was provided by national broadcaster Radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne (RTT). The program switched back to Europe aboard some fishing vessels sailing in the Gulf of Cádiz, Spain. Televisión Española showed fishermen at work and praising the Commercial fishing in Spain, country's fishing industry. At 7:17 p.m. GMT, the show switched to Glassboro, New Jersey, in the United States (3:17 p.m. Eastern Time Zone, EDT local time). This was the location for the Glassboro Summit Conference between American president Lyndon Johnson and Premier of the Soviet Union, Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin. It was reported by National Educational Television's Dick McCutcheon who ended up talking about the impact of the new television technology on a global scale. Since no politician could be shown, only the exterior of the Whitney Mansion (Glassboro, New Jersey), Hollybush Mansion – where the conference was being held – was televised. At 7:18 p.m. GMT it switched back to Canada, to the Two Rivers Ranch in Ghost Lake, Alberta, Ghost Lake, Alberta, showing a rancher, and his Cutting (sport), cutting horse, cutting out a herd of cattle. It was reported by CBC's Bob Switzer. At 7:19 p.m. GMT it switched to Kitsilano Beach, in Vancouver's West Point Grey, Point Grey area (12:19 p.m. Pacific Time Zone, PDT local time). At 7:20 p.m. GMT, the program shifted continents to Asia. It was already 4:20 a.m. Japan Standard Time, JST local time, the next day, in Tokyo, Japan. Japanese public broadcaster NHK showed workers building a section of the Tokyo subway system. The equator was crossed for the first time in the program when it switched to Australia at 5:22 a.m. Time in Australia, AEST local time (7:22 p.m. GMT). This was the most technically complicated point in the broadcast, as both Japanese and Australian satellite ground stations had to reverse their actions: Kashima Ground Station in Japan had to go from transmit mode to receive mode, while Cooby Creek Tracking Station in Australia had to switch from receive to transmit mode. The segment from Melbourne dealt with W-class Melbourne tram, trams leaving the South Melbourne tram depot. This was reported by Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Brian King as he explained that sunrise was many hours away since it was winter there.The Crowded World
Back in BBC's TC1 studio in London, a section about human overpopulation was introduced starting at the Controlled Environment Research Laboratory (CERES). Next, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)'s phytotron in Canberra, Australia, featured plant physiologist Lloyd Evans (plant physiologist), Lloyd Evans. He was carrying out experiments to extend the frequency of cereal crop cycles and was reported by Eric Hunter. Urban, maritime and rural scenes were shown from New York City; Ikushima Shrimp farming, shrimp farm in Takamatsu, Japan; a farm in Wisconsin, United States; Habitat 67 housing complex at Expo 67 in Montreal; and Cumbernauld, Scotland – as reported by Magnus Magnusson.Aspiration to Physical Excellence
Back in BBC's TC1 studio in London, a section about people trying to achieve their best was introduced starting at Empire Pool in Vancouver, Canada, featuring swimmer Elaine Tanner trying to break the 110-yard Butterfly stroke, butterfly World Record –reported by Ted Reynolds (broadcaster), Ted Reynolds–, and continuing at the Equestrian Circle in Castellazzo di Bollate, Italy, featuring riders Piero D'Inzeo and Raimondo D'Inzeo –reported by Alberto Giubilo–; at Söderfors, Sweden, featuring canoeists Gert Fredriksson, Gunnar Utterberg, Lars Andersson (canoeist), Lars Andersson and Rolf Peterson, Rolf Pettersson; and, finishing at Calanque de Callelongue in Marseille, France aboard the maiden voyage of the Téléscaphe, the very first underwater Cable transport, cable car.Aspiration to Artistic Excellence
Back in BBC's TC1 studio in London, a section about people in pursuit of art was introduced starting at San Pietro, Tuscania, San Pietro church in Tuscania, Italy for the rehearsals of the film ''Romeo and Juliet (1968 film), Romeo and Juliet'', featuring film director Franco Zeffirelli and actors Milo O'Shea, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey and continuing at Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, West Germany, for the Bayreuth Festival rehearsals of the opera ''Lohengrin (opera), Lohengrin'' featuring director Wolfgang Wagner, conductor Rudolf Kempe and singers Heather Harper and Grace Hoffman; at Fondation Maeght in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France featuring sculptor Alexander Calder and painter Joan Miró; at Mexico City, Mexico featuring singers Antonio Aguilar singing "Allá en el Rancho Grande (song), Allá en el Rancho Grande" on horseback and Flor Silvestre singing "Como México no hay dos" –reported by León Michel–; at the Lincoln Center in New York City featuring conductor Leonard Bernstein and pianist Van Cliburn rehearsing Sergei Rachmaninoff, Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff), Piano Concerto No. 3; and, finishing at Abbey Road Studios, EMI Recording Studio 1 in Abbey Road, London, Abbey Road, London, for the first recording session of "All You Need Is Love" by the Beatles, introduced by Steve Race.The World Beyond
Back in BBC's TC1 studio in London, a section about outer space was introduced starting at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Cape Kennedy in the United States, continuing at Parkes Observatory in Parkes, New South Wales, Parkes, Australia, featuring John Gatenby Bolton tracking quasar 0237–23, the most distant known object in the universe at the time –reported by Kim Corcoran– and finishing back in BBC's TC1 studio in London for a closing segment intercutting live footage from several of the locations already shown.Legacy
The Beatles' segment
As the broadcast took place at the height of the Vietnam War, the Beatles were asked to write a song with a positive message. Granada TV documentary shows the Beatles' ''Our World'' broadcast segment. They topped the event with their debut performance of "All You Need Is Love". They invited many of their friends to the event to create a festive atmosphere and to join in on the song's chorus. Among the friends were members of the Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Marianne Faithfull, Keith Moon and Graham Nash. Although ''Our World'' was originally recorded and transmitted in black-and-white, for its use in the 1995 TV special ''The Beatles Anthology'', the All You Need Is Love#Live broadcast, Beatles' performance on the program was Film colorization, colourised, using colour photographs taken at the event as a reference. The sequence opens in its original monochromatic format and rapidly morphs into full colour, conveying the brightly coloured flower power and Psychedelia, psychedelic-style clothing worn by the Beatles and their guests that was popular during what was subsequently dubbed the "Summer of Love".In literature
In the 2000 novel ''The Light of Other Days'' by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter (author), Stephen Baxter, the global media empire run by Hiram Patterson is called OurWorld, the name chosen after the character saw the program as a child and was inspired to change the world.Exhibition
A permanent exhibition at London's Science Museum, London, Science Museum opened in 2018, telling the story of the transmission using footage from the show itself and video interviews with surviving members of the production team, recalling the technical challenges involved and the legacy created by the broadcast.See also
* List of the Beatles' live performancesNotes
References
External links
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