Otwock (
Yiddish
Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with ...
: אָטוואָצק) is a city in the
Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship or Mazowieckie Province (, ) and any variation thereof, is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) in east-central Poland, containing Poland's capital Warsaw.
Masovian Voivodeship has an area of and had a 2019 po ...
in east-central
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, some south-east of
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, with 43,895 inhabitants (2024). Otwock is part of the
Warsaw metropolitan area
The Warsaw metropolitan area (known in Polish language, Polish as: or ) is the metropolitan area of Warsaw, the capital of Poland. The metropolitan area covers ten List of counties in Poland, counties in the Masovian Voivodeship, with an area ...
. It is situated on the right bank of the
Vistula
The Vistula (; ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length. Its drainage basin, extending into three other countries apart from Poland, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra i ...
River, below the mouth of the
Świder River. Otwock is home to a unique architectural style called ''
Świdermajer
''Świdermajer'' () is a distinct Poland, Polish architectural style developed in late 19th and early 20th century in Masovia along the railroad linking Warsaw with Otwock. The style was applied almost exclusively to wooden villas of the middle c ...
''.
It is the capital of
Otwock County
__NOTOC__
Otwock County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. ...
. The town covers an area of . Forested areas make up 23% of the territory, and there are several nature reserves.
History

Even though the first mention of a village called ''Otwosko'' comes from the early 15th century, Otwock did not fully develop until the second half of the 19th century, when in 1877 the
Vistula River Railroad was opened, which ran from
Mława
Mława (; ''Mlave'') is a town in north-eastern Poland with 30,403 inhabitants in 2020. It is the capital of Mława County. It is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship.
During the invasion of Poland in 1939, the battle of Mława was fought to the ...
via
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, to
Lublin
Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
and
Chełm
Chełm (; ; ) is a city in eastern Poland in the Lublin Voivodeship with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some from the border with Ukraine.
The ...
. Otwock, which is located along the line, became a popular suburb, with numerous spas and several notable guests, including
Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he beca ...
and
Władysław Reymont
Władysław Stanisław Reymont (; born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the laureate of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasant ...
, who wrote his
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes ( ; ; ) are awards administered by the Nobel Foundation and granted in accordance with the principle of "for the greatest benefit to humankind". The prizes were first awarded in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of Alfred N ...
-winning novel ''
Chłopi'' there. The
Zofiówka Sanatorium was opened in Otwock in 1908. In 1916, Otwock was incorporated as a town and became the seat of a
.
During the
Battle of Warsaw (1920)
The Battle of Warsaw (; , ), also known as the Miracle on the Vistula (), was a series of battles that resulted in a decisive Polish victory and complete disintegration of the Red Army in August 1920 during the Polish–Soviet War.
After the ...
, Otwock, along with nearby
Karczew
Karczew (; ''Kartshev'') is a town in Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is the seat of the urban-rural administrative district of Gmina Karczew, with 10,271 inhabitants (2010).
Karczew is a part of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Wars ...
, constituted the edge of the right wing of the first line of Polish defense and was manned by the Polish
15th Infantry Division, whereas the second line of Polish defense began in the present-day neighborhood of Świdry Wielkie; however, there was no Polish-Russian fighting in Otwock.
In 1936 the
Warsaw - Otwock railway connection was the first rail line to be electrified in Poland.
World War II
Following the German–Soviet
invasion of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
, which started
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
in September 1939, the town was
occupied by Germany. In December 1939, the German authorities established a
Jewish ghetto in Otwock. A murderous
Action T4
(German, ) was a campaign of Homicide#By state actors, mass murder by involuntary euthanasia which targeted Disability, people with disabilities and the mentally ill in Nazi Germany. The term was first used in post-WWII, war trials against d ...
euthanasia program was carried out by the Nazis in the local
Zofiówka Sanatorium for the psychiatric patients
[The statistical data compiled on the basis o]
"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland"
by ''Virtual Shtetl
The Virtual Shtetl () is a bilingual Polish-English portal of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, devoted to the Jewish history of Poland.
History
The Virtual Shtetl website was officially launched on June 16, 2009 by founder A ...
'' Museum of the History of the Polish Jews , as well a
"Getta Żydowskie," by ''Gedeon''
and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm . Accessed 12 July 2011. in order to confine its
Jewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation.
["The War Against The Jews."](_blank)
''The Holocaust Chronicle,'' 2009. Chicago, Il. Accessed 21 June 2011. The Ghetto was liquidated between August and 19 September 1942, when 75% of its Jewish population of 12,000–15,000 numbering at around 8,000 were assembled by the
Nazis
Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
at a layover yard in Otwock ''(pictured)'' and transported in cattle trucks to
extermination camps in
Treblinka
Treblinka () was the second-deadliest extermination camp to be built and operated by Nazi Germany in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the Treblinka, ...
and
Auschwitz
Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...
.
[Sabina Bauman]
"Czwarty marsz" (The Fourth March of the Living)
''Linia otwocka'' 26 September 2005. Jews who remained were summarily shot at Reymonta Street soon after.
Sekcja terenowa Polskiej Rady Chrześcijan i Żydów (Otwock Branch o
Poland’s Advisory of Christians and Jews
); Zbigniew Nosowski, President.

Otwock is the hometown of
Irena Sendler (1910 – 2008), the Polish humanitarian who saved thousands of Jewish children during the
Holocaust
The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
; as well as
Krystyna Dańko, both awarded the titles of
Righteous among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations ( ) is a title used by Yad Vashem to describe people who, for various reasons, made an effort to assist victims, mostly Jews, who were being persecuted and exterminated by Nazi Germany, Fascist Romania, Fascist Italy, ...
by
Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem (; ) is Israel's official memorial institution to the victims of Holocaust, the Holocaust known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (). It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; echoing the stories of the ...
. Writer
Calel Perechodnik, a
Jewish Ghetto Policeman from Otwock also hailed from this town. Following the liberation, a children's home for Holocaust survivors was established in Otwock.
Post-war period
In 1952, the town's limits were expanded by including Świder, Świdry Wielkie, Teklin and Zamlądz as new neighbourhoods. Following the
Korean War
The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
, in 1953–1959, Poland admitted 200
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ...
n orphans in Świder.
From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the
Warsaw Voivodeship.
Sights
In Otwock there are many buildings in the ''
Świdermajer
''Świdermajer'' () is a distinct Poland, Polish architectural style developed in late 19th and early 20th century in Masovia along the railroad linking Warsaw with Otwock. The style was applied almost exclusively to wooden villas of the middle c ...
'' style, unique to the town and its surroundings. There are also memorials to
Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he beca ...
and to local Jews, who were murdered by
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
in the Holocaust.
The Mszar Pogorzelski, Świder and Wyspy Świderskie nature reserves are located in Otwock.
Economy
In 1958,
Ewa, the first Polish
nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a Nuclear fission, fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for Nuclear power, commercial electricity, nuclear marine propulsion, marine propulsion, Weapons-grade plutonium, weapons ...
was activated in Swierk district of Otwock. A second research reactor,
Maria, was erected in 1974.
Sports
Otwock is home to the sports club
Start Otwock (founded in 1924). The club is renowned for its weight-lifters such as
Szymon Kołecki and
Marcin Dołęga.The club's own prodigy is football forward
Janusz Żmijewski, who in the 1960s played for
Legia Warszawa and the
national team of Poland.
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Otwock is
twinned with:
*
Lennestadt, Germany
*
Saint-Amand-Montrond, France
*
Ōarai, Ibaraki
is a town located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 15,867 in 6,881 households and a population density of . The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 34.0%. The total area of the town is . The Japa ...
, Japan
*
Shumsk, Ukraine
References
External links
*
Town of Otwock, official website*
Otwock info site including local news*
Otwock Photo Gallery*
Photo galleryJewish Community in Otwockon
Virtual Shtetl
The Virtual Shtetl () is a bilingual Polish-English portal of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, devoted to the Jewish history of Poland.
History
The Virtual Shtetl website was officially launched on June 16, 2009 by founder A ...
*
{{Authority control
Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Otwock County
Populated places on the Vistula
Holocaust locations in Poland