Ottoman Turkish (, ; ) was the standardized

register Register or registration may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Register (music), the relative "height" or range of a note, melody, part, instrument, etc. * ''Register'', a 2017 album by Travis Miller * Registration (organ), ...

of the

Turkish language Turkish ( , , also known as 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, a member of Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languag ...

in the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

(14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

and Persian. It was written in the

Ottoman Turkish alphabet The Ottoman Turkish alphabet () is a version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish for over 600 years until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily writt ...

. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Colloquial, Popular, Spoken or Vernacular Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. ''Vulgar Latin'' a ...

and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign

loanword A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term t ...

s and is the basis of the modern standard. The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language ( or ); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ( and ). More generically, the Turkish language was called or "Turkish".

History

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras: * (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and

Anatolian beyliks Anatolian beyliks (, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik''; ) were Turkish principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by ''beys'', the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more exte ...

and was often regarded as part of (

Old Anatolian Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish or Old Turkish, also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic, (, Perso-Arabic script: اسکی انادولو تورکچه‌سی), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It dev ...

). * (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or (

Classic A classic is an outstanding example of a particular style; something of Masterpiece, lasting worth or with a timeless quality; of the first or Literary merit, highest quality, class, or rank – something that Exemplification, exemplifies its ...

al Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until

Tanzimat The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pash ...

. * (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

Language reform

In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

and the establishment of the

Republic of Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of

Atatürk's reforms Atatürk's reforms ( or ''Atatürk Devrimleri''), also referred to as the Turkish Revolution (Turkish language, Turkish: ''Türk Devrimi''), were a series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes, designed ...

) instituted by

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...

saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp. It also saw the replacement of the

Perso-Arabic The Persian alphabet (), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left script, right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic script with four additional letters: (the sounds 'g', 'zh', ' ...

script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new

national identity National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or one or more nations. It is the sense of "a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language". National identity ...

as being a post-Ottoman

state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

. See the

list of replaced loanwords in Turkish The replacing of loanwords in Turkish was part of a policy of Turkification of Turkey's first President Atatürk. The Ottoman Turkish language had many loanwords from Arabic and Persian, but also European languages such as French, Greek, and ...

for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of

and two of Persian loanwords are found below.

Legacy

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of

neologism In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered ...

s added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of

compound word In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or Sign language, sign) that consists of more than one Word stem, stem. Compounding, composition or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. C ...

formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian-derived

genitive construction In grammar, a genitive construction or genitival construction is a type of grammatical construction used to express a relation between two nouns such as the possession of one by another (e.g. "John's jacket"), or some other type of connection (e ...

() (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, (literally, "divine preordaining"). In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who is the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014. He previously served as the 25th prime minister of Turkey, prime minister from 2003 to 2014 as part of the Jus ...

, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.

Writing system

Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the

(), a variant of the

Perso-Arabic script The Persian alphabet (), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left script, right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic script with four additional letters: (the sounds 'g', 'zh', ' ...

. The

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

and Rashi script of

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See

Karamanli Turkish Karamanli Turkish (; ) is an extinct dialect of the Turkish language spoken by the Karamanlides. Although the official Ottoman Turkish was written in the Arabic script, the Karamanlides used the Greek alphabet to write their form of Turkish. K ...

, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet)

Grammar

The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish.The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

Cases

Nominative In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of E ...

and Indefinite accusative/objective: -

∅ In mathematics, the empty set or void set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, wh ...

, no suffix. 'the lake' 'a lake', 'soup', 'night'; 'he/she brought a rabbit'. *

Genitive In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can ...

: suffix . 'of the pasha'; 'of the book'. * Definite

accusative In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb. In the English language, the only words that occur in the accusative case are pronouns: "me", "him", "her", " ...

: suffix : 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the

vowel harmony In phonology, vowel harmony is a phonological rule in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – must share certain distinctive features (thus "in harmony"). Vowel harmony is typically long distance, meaning tha ...

. Thus, 'the lake' ''vs.'' Modern Turkish . *

Dative In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink". In this exampl ...

: suffix : 'to the house'. *

Locative In grammar, the locative case ( ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. In languages using it, the locative case may perform a function which in English would be expressed with such prepositions as "in", "on", "at", and " ...

: suffix : 'at school', 'in (the/a) cage', 'at a/the start', 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish (, ) does not occur. *

Ablative In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages. It is used to indicate motion away from something, make comparisons, and serve various o ...

: suffix : 'from the man'. *

Instrumental An instrumental or instrumental song is music without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through Semantic change, semantic widening, a broader sense of the word s ...

: suffix or postposition . Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars. The table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes; it includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter ( or ) (back and front vowels), words that end in a () sound, and words that end in either or (). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions: * Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: , , , and , and which are not. * When words or morphemes are connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner. * When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography. * When harmony of vowel roundness exists in spoken pronunciation and modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography. * When the letters {{{lang, ota, ڭ ({{translit, ota, ñ) and {{lang, ota, ن ({{translit, ota, n) are used. {, class="wikitable" , +Declension of nouns for case{{cite book, url=https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00redhuoft, title=A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language, author=Sir James William Redhouse, year=1884, publisher=Trübner ! rowspan=2 , Case ! rowspan=2 , Morpheme ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اُوق ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اُوقلَر ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اَو ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اَولَر ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورت ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاق ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپك ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپری , - ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ok
{{gloss, arrow ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, oklar
{{gloss, arrows ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ev
{{gloss, house ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, evler
{{gloss, houses ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, kurt
{{gloss, wolf ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, çartak
{{gloss, gazebo ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ipek
{{gloss, silk ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, para
{{gloss, money ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, pide
{{gloss, pita ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, köprü
{{gloss, bridge , - !Nom , — , {{lang, ota, اوق , , ok , {{lang, ota, اوقلر , , oklar , {{lang, ota, او , , ev , {{lang, ota, اولر , , evler , {{lang, ota, قورت , , kurt , {{lang, ota, چارطاق , , çartak , {{lang, ota, ایپك , , ipek , {{lang, ota, پاره , , para , {{lang, ota, پیده , , pide , {{lang, ota, كوپری , , köprü , - !rowspan=2, Acc , {{lang, ota, ـی , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقی , rowspan=2 , oku , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلری , rowspan=2 , okları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوی , rowspan=2 , evi , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولری , rowspan=2 , evleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردی , rowspan=2 , kurdu , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغی , rowspan=2 , çartağı , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگی , rowspan=2 , ipeği , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌یی , rowspan=2 , parayı , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌یی , rowspan=2 , pideyi , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریی , rowspan=2 , köprüyü , - , -ı -i -u -ü , - !rowspan=2, Dat , {{lang, ota, ـه , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقه , rowspan=2 , oka , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلره , rowspan=2 , oklara , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوه , rowspan=2 , eve , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولره , rowspan=2 , evlere , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورده , rowspan=2 , kurda , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغه , rowspan=2 , çartağa , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگه , rowspan=2 , ipeğe , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌یه , rowspan=2 , paraya , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌یه , rowspan=2 , pideye , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریه , rowspan=2 , köprüye , - , -a -e , - !rowspan=2, Loc , {{lang, ota, ـده , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقده , rowspan=2 , okta , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرده , rowspan=2 , oklarda , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوده , rowspan=2 , evde , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرده , rowspan=2 , evlerde , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورتده , rowspan=2 , kurt'ta , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاقده , rowspan=2 , çartakta , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپكده , rowspan=2 , ipekde , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌ده , rowspan=2 , parada , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌ده , rowspan=2 , pidede , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریده , rowspan=2 , köprüde , - , -da -de -ta -te , - !rowspan=2, Abl , {{lang, ota, ـدن , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقدن , rowspan=2 , oktan , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلردن , rowspan=2 , oklardan , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اودن , rowspan=2 , evden , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولردن , rowspan=2 , evlerden , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورتدن , rowspan=2 , kurttan , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاقدن , rowspan=2 , çartaktan , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپكدن , rowspan=2 , ipekden , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌دن , rowspan=2 , paradan , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌دن , rowspan=2 , pideden , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریدن , rowspan=2 , köprüden , - , -dan -den -tan -ten , - !rowspan=2, Gen , {{lang, ota, ـڭ , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقڭ , rowspan=2 , okun , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرڭ , rowspan=2 , okların , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوڭ , rowspan=2 , evin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرڭ , rowspan=2 , evlerin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردڭ , rowspan=2 , kurdun , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغڭ , rowspan=2 , çartağın , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگڭ , rowspan=2 , ipeğin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌‌نڭ , rowspan=2 , paranın , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌‌نڭ , rowspan=2 , pidenin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپرینڭ , rowspan=2 , köprünün , - , -ın -in -un -ün , - !rowspan=2, Inst , {{lang, ota, ـله , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقله , rowspan=2 , okla , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرله , rowspan=2 , oklarla , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوله , rowspan=2 , evle , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرله , rowspan=2 , evlerle , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورتله , rowspan=2 , kurtla , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاقله , rowspan=2 , çartakla , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپكله , rowspan=2 , ipekle , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌‌‌یله , rowspan=2 , parala , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌‌یله , rowspan=2 , pidele , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریله , rowspan=2 , köprülü , - , -la -le -lu -lü

Possessives

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above. {, class="wikitable" , + Declension of nouns for possession ! rowspan=2 , Person ! rowspan=2 , Morpheme ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اُوق ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اُوقلَر ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اَو ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اَولَر ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورت ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاق ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپك ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپری , - ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ok
{{gloss, arrow ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, oklar
{{gloss, arrows ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ev
{{gloss, house ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, evler
{{gloss, houses ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, kurt
{{gloss, wolf ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, çartak
{{gloss, gazebo ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, ipek
{{gloss, silk ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, para
{{gloss, money ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, pide
{{gloss, pita ! colspan=2 , {{lang, ota-Latn, köprü
{{gloss, bridge , - ! — , — , {{lang, ota, اوق , , ok , {{lang, ota, اوقلر , , oklar , {{lang, ota, او , , ev , {{lang, ota, اولر , , evler , {{lang, ota, قورت , , kurt , {{lang, ota, چارطاق , , çartak , {{lang, ota, ایپك , , ipek , {{lang, ota, پاره , , para , {{lang, ota, پیده , , pide , {{lang, ota, كوپری , , köprü , - !rowspan=2, 1st Person Sg. , {{lang, ota, ـم , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقم , rowspan=2 , okum , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرم , rowspan=2 , oklarım , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اویم , rowspan=2 , evim , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرم , rowspan=2 , evlerim , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردم , rowspan=2 , kurdum , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغم , rowspan=2 , çartağım , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگم , rowspan=2 , ipeğim , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌م , rowspan=2 , param , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌م , rowspan=2 , pidem , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپری‌م , rowspan=2 , köprüm , - , -m -ım -im -um -üm , - !rowspan=2, 2nd Person Sg. , {{lang, ota, ـڭ , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقڭ , rowspan=2 , okun , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرڭ , rowspan=2 , okların , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اویڭ , rowspan=2 , evin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرڭ , rowspan=2 , evlerin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردڭ , rowspan=2 , kurdun , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغڭ , rowspan=2 , çartağın , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگڭ , rowspan=2 , ipeğin , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌ڭ , rowspan=2 , paran , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌ڭ , rowspan=2 , piden , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپری‌ڭ , rowspan=2 , köprün , - , -n -ın -in -un -ün , - !rowspan=2, 3rd Person Sg. , {{lang, ota, ـی / ـسی , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقی , rowspan=2 , oku , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلری , rowspan=2 , okları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوی , rowspan=2 , evi , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولری , rowspan=2 , evleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردی , rowspan=2 , kurdu , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغی , rowspan=2 , çartağı , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگی , rowspan=2 , ipeği , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌سی , rowspan=2 , parası , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌سی , rowspan=2 , pidesi , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریسی , rowspan=2 , köprüsü , - , -(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü , - !rowspan=2, 1st Person Pl. , {{lang, ota, ـمز , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقمز , rowspan=2 , okumuz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرمز , rowspan=2 , oklarımız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اومز , rowspan=2 , evimiz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرمز , rowspan=2 , evlerimiz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردمز , rowspan=2 , kurdumuz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغمز , rowspan=2 , çartağımız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگمز , rowspan=2 , ipeğimiz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌مز , rowspan=2 , paramız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌مز , rowspan=2 , pidemiz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریمز , rowspan=2 , köprümüz , - , -(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz , - !rowspan=2, 2nd Person Pl. , {{lang, ota, ـڭز , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقڭز , rowspan=2 , okunuz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرڭز , rowspan=2 , oklarınız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوڭز , rowspan=2 , eviniz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرڭز , rowspan=2 , evleriniz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قوردڭز , rowspan=2 , kurdunuz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاغڭز , rowspan=2 , çartağınız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپگڭز , rowspan=2 , ipeğiniz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌ڭز , rowspan=2 , paranız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌ڭز , rowspan=2 , pideniz , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریڭز , rowspan=2 , köprünüz , - , -(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz , - !rowspan=2, 3rd Person Pl. , {{lang, ota, ـلری , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلری , rowspan=2 , okları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوقلرلری , rowspan=2 , okları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولری , rowspan=2 , evleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولرلری , rowspan=2 , evleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, قورتلری , rowspan=2 , kurtları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, چارطاقلری , rowspan=2 , çartakleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایپكلری , rowspan=2 , ipekleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پاره‌لری , rowspan=2 , paraları , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, پیده‌لری , rowspan=2 , pideleri , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, كوپریلری , rowspan=2 , köprüleri , - , -ları -leri For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter {{lang, ota, ـنـ ({{translit, ota, -n-) comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel {{lang, ota, ـی ({{translit, ota, -ı or {{translit, ota, -i) is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional {{lang, ota, ـنـ ({{translit, ota, -n-) is a vowel, the final vowel {{lang, ota, ـی ({{translit, ota, -ı or {{translit, ota, -i) is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for {{lang, ota-Latn, kitaplarını and {{lang, ota-Latn, kitaplarından). {, class="wikitable" ! !! Nom !! Acc !! Dat !! Loc !! Abl !! Gen , - , rowspan=2 , ''his/her book'' , {{lang, ota, كتابی , {{lang, ota, كتابنی , {{lang, ota, كتابنه , {{lang, ota, كتابنده , {{lang, ota, كتابندن , {{lang, ota, كتابنڭ , - , kitabı , , kitabını , , kitabına , , kitabında , , kitabından , , kitabının , - , rowspan=2 , ''his/her books'' , {{lang, ota, كتابلری , {{lang, ota, كتابلرینی , {{lang, ota, كتابلرینه , {{lang, ota, كتابلرنده , {{lang, ota, كتابلرندن , {{lang, ota, كتابلرینڭ , - , kitapları , , kitaplarını , , kitaplarına , , kitaplarında , , kitaplarından , , kitaplarının , - , rowspan=2 , ''his/her maternal aunt'' , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌سی , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌‌سنی , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌‌سنه , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌‌سنده , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌‌سندن , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌‌سنڭ , - , teyzesi , , teyzesini , , teyzesine , , teyzesinde , , teyzesinden , , teyzesinin , - , rowspan=2 , ''his/her maternal aunts'' , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لری , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لرینی , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لرینه , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لرنده , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لرندن , {{lang, ota, تیزه‌لرینڭ , - , teyzeleri , , teyzelerini , , teyzelerine , , teyzelerinde , , teyzelerinden , , teyzelerinin

Verbs

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs {{lang, ota, آچمق ''açmak'' (to open) and {{lang, ota, سولمك ''sevilmek'' (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronunciation and modern Latin orthography).{{cite book , author=Charles Wells , title=A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written) , publisher=B. Quaritch , year=1880 Online copies from

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(PDF can be accessed at: iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.31137, archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31137) {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 , ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Person ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, آچمق ''açmak''
'to open' ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, سولمك ''sevilmek''
'to be loved' , - ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural , - ! rowspan=15 {{vert header, Indicative ! rowspan=3 , Present Imperfect
''am/is/are opening''
''am/is/are being loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچیورم , açıyorum , {{lang, ota, آچیورز , açıyoruz , {{lang, ota, سولیورم , seviliyorum , {{lang, ota, سولیورز , seviliyoruz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچیورسڭ , açıyorsun , {{lang, ota, آچیورسڭز , açıyorsunuz , {{lang, ota, سولیورسڭ , seviliyorsun , {{lang, ota, سولیورسڭز , seviliyorsunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچیور , açıyor , {{lang, ota, آچیورلر , açıyorlar , {{lang, ota, سولیور , seviliyor , {{lang, ota, سولیورلر , seviliyorlar , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Imperfect
''was/were opening''
''was/were being loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچیوردم , açıyordum , {{lang, ota, آچیوردق , açıyorduk , {{lang, ota, سولیوردم , seviliyordum , {{lang, ota, سولیوردك , seviliyorduk , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچیوردڭ , açıyordun , {{lang, ota, آچیوردڭز , açıyordunuz , {{lang, ota, سولیوردڭ , seviliyordun , {{lang, ota, سولیوردڭز , seviliyordunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچیوردی , açıyordu , {{lang, ota, آچیوردیلر , açıyordular , {{lang, ota, سولیوردی , seviliyordu , {{lang, ota, سولیوردیلر , seviliyordular , - ! rowspan=3 , Present Aorist
''shall habitually open''
''shall habitually be loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچارم , açarım , {{lang, ota, آچارز , açarız , {{lang, ota, سولورم , sevilirim , {{lang, ota, سولورز , seviliriz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچارسڭ , açarsın , {{lang, ota, آچارسڭز , açarsınız , {{lang, ota, سولورسڭ , sevilirsin , {{lang, ota, سولورسڭز , sevilirsiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچار , açar , {{lang, ota, آچارلر , açarlar , {{lang, ota, سولور , sevilir , {{lang, ota, سولورلر , sevilirler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Perfect
''opened''
''was loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچدم , açtım , {{lang, ota, آچدق , açtık , {{lang, ota, سولدم , sevildim , {{lang, ota, سولدك , sevildik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچدڭ , açtın , {{lang, ota, آچدڭز , açtınız , {{lang, ota, سولدڭ , sevildin , {{lang, ota, سولدڭز , sevildiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچدی , açtı , {{lang, ota, آچدیلر , açtılar , {{lang, ota, سولدی , sevildi , {{lang, ota, سولدیلر , sevildiler , - ! rowspan=3 , Future
''will open''
''will be loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جغم , açacağım , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جغز , açacağız , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جگم , sevileceğim , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جگز , sevileceğiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جقسڭ , açacaksın , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جقسڭز , açacaksınız , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جكسن , sevileceksin , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جكسڭز , sevileceksiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جق , açacak , {{lang, ota, آچه‌جقلر , açacaklar , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جك , sevilecek , {{lang, ota, سوله‌جكلر , sevilecekler , - ! rowspan=4 {{vert header, Inferential ! rowspan=4 , Perfect
''have/has opened, I believe''
''was/were loved, I believe'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچمشم , açmışım , {{lang, ota, آچمشز , açmışız , {{lang, ota, سولمشم , sevilmişim , {{lang, ota, سولمشز , sevilmişiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچمشسڭ , açmışsın , {{lang, ota, آچمشسڭز , açmışsınız , {{lang, ota, سولمشسن , sevilmişsin , {{lang, ota, سولمشسڭز , sevilmişsiniz , - ! rowspan=2 , 3 , {{lang, ota, آچمش , açmış , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, آچمشلر , rowspan=2 , açmışlar , {{lang, ota, سولمش , sevilmiş , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, سولمشلر , rowspan=2 , sevilmişler , - , {{lang, ota, آچمشدر , açmışdır , {{lang, ota, سولمشدر , sevilmişdir , - ! rowspan=6 {{vert header, Necessitative ! rowspan=3 , Aorist
''must open''
''must be loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچملویم , açmalıyım , {{lang, ota, آچملویز , açmalıyız , {{lang, ota, سولملویم , sevilmeliyim , {{lang, ota, سولملویز , sevilmeliyiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچملوسڭ , açmalısın , {{lang, ota, آچملوسڭز , açmalısınız , {{lang, ota, سولملوسڭ , sevilmelisin , {{lang, ota, سولملوسڭز , sevilmelisiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچملو , açmalı , {{lang, ota, آچملولر , açmalılar , {{lang, ota, سولملو , sevilmeli , {{lang, ota, سولملولر , sevilmeliler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past
''must've open''
''must've been loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچملویدم , açmalıydım , {{lang, ota, آچملویدق , açmalıydık , {{lang, ota, سولملویدم , sevilmeliydim , {{lang, ota, سولملویدق , sevilmeliydik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچملویدڭ , açmalıydın , {{lang, ota, آچملویدڭز , açmalıydınız , {{lang, ota, سولملویدڭ , sevilmeliydin , {{lang, ota, سولملویدڭز , sevilmeliydiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچملویدی , açmalıydı , {{lang, ota, آچملویدیلر , açmalıydılar , {{lang, ota, سولملویدی , sevilmeliydi , {{lang, ota, سولملویدیلر , sevilmeliydiler , - ! rowspan=4 {{vert header, Optative ! rowspan=4 , Present
''that may open''
''that may be loved'' ! rowspan=2 , 1 , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, آچه‌یم , rowspan=2 , açayım , {{lang, ota, آچه‌یز , açayız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, سوله‌یم , rowspan=2 , sevileyim , {{lang, ota, سوله‌یز , sevileyiz , - , {{lang, ota, آچه‌لم , açalım , {{lang, ota, سوله‌لم , sevilelim , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچه‌سن , açasın , {{lang, ota, آچه‌سڭز , açasınız , {{lang, ota, سوله‌سن , sevilesin , {{lang, ota, سوله‌سڭز , sevilesiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچه , aça , {{lang, ota, آچه‌لر , açalar , {{lang, ota, سوله , sevile , {{lang, ota, سوله‌لر , sevileler , - ! rowspan=6 {{vert header, Conditional ! rowspan=3 , Aorist
''if open''
''if be loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچسم , açsam , {{lang, ota, آچسق , açsak , {{lang, ota, سولسم , sevilsem , {{lang, ota, سولسك , sevilsek , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچسڭ , açsan , {{lang, ota, آچسڭز , açsanız , {{lang, ota, سولسڭ , sevilsen , {{lang, ota, سولسڭز , sevilseniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچسه , açsa , {{lang, ota, آچسه‌لر , açsalar , {{lang, ota, سولسه , sevilse , {{lang, ota, سولسه‌لر , sevilseler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past
''if opened''
''if were loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, آچسیدم , açsaydım , {{lang, ota, آچسیدق , açsaydık , {{lang, ota, سولسیدم , sevilseydim , {{lang, ota, سولسیدك , sevilseydik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, آچسیدڭ , açsaydın , {{lang, ota, آچسیدڭز , açsaydınız , {{lang, ota, سولسدیڭ , sevilseydin , {{lang, ota, سولسیدڭز , sevilseydiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچسیدی , açsaydı , {{lang, ota, آچسیدیلر , açsaydılar , {{lang, ota, سولسیدی , sevilseydi , {{lang, ota, سولسیدیلر , sevilseydiler , - ! rowspan=4 colspan=2 , Imperative ! 1 , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, آچالم , açalım , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, سوله‌لم , sevilelim , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, آچ , aç , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, آچڭز , rowspan=2 , açınız , {{lang, ota, سول , sevil , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, سولڭز , rowspan=2 , seviliniz , - , {{lang, ota, آچڭ , açın , {{lang, ota, سولڭ , sevilin , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, آچسون , açsın , {{lang, ota, آچسونلر , açsınlar , {{lang, ota, سولسون , sevilsin , {{lang, ota, سولسونلر , sevilsinler

Negation and complex verbs

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are {{lang, ota, یازممق ''yazmamaq'' (not to write) and {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلمك ''sevebilmek'' (to be able to love). {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 , ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Person ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, یازممق ''yazmamaq''
'not to write' ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلمك ''sevebilmek''
'to be able to love' , - ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural , - ! rowspan=15 {{vert header, Indicative ! rowspan=3 , Present Imperfect
''am/is/are not writing''
''can love'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمیورم , yazmayorum , {{lang, ota, یازمیورز , yazmayoruz , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیورم , sevebiliyorum , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیورز , sevebiliyoruz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیورسن , yazmayorsun , {{lang, ota, یازمیورسڭز , yazmayorsunuz , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیورسن , sevebiliyorsun , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیورسڭز , sevebiliyorsunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمیور , yazmayor , {{lang, ota, یازمیورلر , yazmayorlar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیور , sevebiliyor , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیورلر , sevebiliyorlar , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Imperfect
''was/were not writing''
''was/were able to love'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردم , yazmıyordum , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردق , yazmıyorduk , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردم , sevebiliyordum , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردك , sevebiliyorduk , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردڭ , yazmıyordun , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردڭز , yazmıyordunuz , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردڭ , sevebiliyordun , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردڭز , sevebiliyordunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردی , yazmıyordu , {{lang, ota, یازمیوردیلر , yazmıyordular , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردی , sevebiliyordu , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بیلیوردیلر , sevebiliyordular , - ! rowspan=3 , Present Aorist
''do not write''
''shall be able to love'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمم , yazmam , {{lang, ota, یازمیز , yazmayız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلورم , sevebilirim , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلورز , sevebiliriz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمازسن , yazmazsın , {{lang, ota, یازمازسڭز , yazmazsınız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلورسن , sevebilirsin , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلورسڭز , sevebilirsiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازماز , yazmaz , {{lang, ota, یازمازلر , yazmazlar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلور , sevebilir , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلورلر , sevebilirler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Perfect
''used not to write''
''could love'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمادم , yazmadım , {{lang, ota, یازمادق , yazmadık , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدم , sevebildim , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدك , sevebildik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمادڭ , yazmadın , {{lang, ota, یازمادڭز , yazmadınız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدڭ , sevebildin , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدڭز , sevebildiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمادی , yazmadı , {{lang, ota, یازمادیلر , yazmadılar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدی , sevebildi , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلدیلر , sevebildiler , - ! rowspan=3 , Future
''shall not write''
''will be able to love'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جغم , yazmayacağım , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جغز , yazmayacağız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جگم , sevibileceğim , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جگز , sevibileceğiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جقسن , yazmayacaksın , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جقسڭز , yazmayacaksınız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جكسن , sevibileceksin , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جكسڭز , sevibileceksiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جق , yazmayacak , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌جقلر , yazmayacaklar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جك , sevibilecek , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌جكلر , sevibilecekler , - ! rowspan=3 {{vert header, Necessitative ! rowspan=3 , Aorist
''must open''
''must be loved'' ! 1 , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملییم , yazmamalıyım , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملییز , yazmamalıyız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملییم , sevibilmeliyim , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملییز , sevibilmeliyiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملیسن , yazmamalısın , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملیسڭز , yazmamalısınız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملیسن , sevibilmelisin , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملیسڭز , sevibilmelisiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملی , yazmamalı , {{lang, ota, یازمه‌ملیلر , yazmamalılar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملی , sevibilmeli , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بلملیلر , sevibilmeliler , - ! rowspan=4 {{vert header, Optative ! rowspan=4 , Present
''that may not open''
''that may not be able to love'' ! rowspan=2 , 1 , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌یم , rowspan=2 , yazmayayım , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌یز , yazmayayız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌یم , rowspan=2 , sevibileyim , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌یز , sevibileyiz , - , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌لم , yazmayalım , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌لم , sevibilelim , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌سن , yazmayasın , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌سڭز , yazmayasınız , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌سن , sevibilesin , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌سڭز , sevibilesiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمیه , yazmaya , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌لر , yazmayalar , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله , sevibile , {{lang, ota, سوه‌بله‌لر , sevibileler , - ! rowspan=4 colspan=2 , Imperative ! 1 , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, یازمیه‌لم , yazmayalım , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, سوبله‌لم , sevibilelim , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, یازمه , yazma , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, یازمیڭز , rowspan=2 , yazmayınız , {{lang, ota, سوبل , sevibil , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, سوبلڭز , rowspan=2 , sevibiliniz , - , {{lang, ota, یازمیڭ , yazmayın , {{lang, ota, سوبلڭ , sevibilin , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, یازمسون , yazmasın , {{lang, ota, یازمسونلر , yazmasınlar , {{lang, ota, سوبلسون , sevibilsin , {{lang, ota, سوبلسونلر , sevibilsinler

Compound verbs

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, ''to do'' ({{lang, ota, ایتمك ''etmek'') or ''to become'' ({{lang, ota, اولمق ''olmaq''). For example, note the following two verbs: * {{lang, ota, راضی اولمق ''razı olmaq'' (to consent) ; * {{lang, ota, قتل ایتمك ''katletmek'' (to slaughter); {{lang, ota, تشكر ایتمك ''teşekkür etmek'' (to thank); * {{lang, ota, ایو اولنمق ''iyi olunmak'' (to get better). Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a This sound transforms into a when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well. {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 , ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Person ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, اولمق ''olmaq''
'to become' ! colspan=4 , {{lang, ota, ایتمك ''etmek''
'to do' , - ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural , - ! rowspan=15 {{vert header, Indicative ! rowspan=3 , Present Imperfect ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولیورم , oluyorum , {{lang, ota, اولیورز , oluyoruz , {{lang, ota, ایدیورم , ediyorum , {{lang, ota, ایدیورز , ediyoruz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اولیورسن , oluyorsun , {{lang, ota, اولیورسڭز , oluyorsunuz , {{lang, ota, ایدیورسن , ediyorsun , {{lang, ota, ایدیورسڭز , ediyorsunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولیور , oluyor , {{lang, ota, اولیورلر , oluyorlar , {{lang, ota, ایدیور , ediyor , {{lang, ota, ایدیورلر , ediyorlar , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Imperfect ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولیوردم , oluyordum , {{lang, ota, اولیوردق , oluyorduk , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردم , ediyordum , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردق , ediyorduk , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اولیوردڭ , oluyordun , {{lang, ota, اولیوردڭز , oluyordunuz , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردڭ , ediyordun , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردڭز , ediyordunuz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولیوردی , oluyordu , {{lang, ota, اولیوردیلر , oluyordular , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردی , ediyordu , {{lang, ota, ایدیوردیلر , ediyordular , - ! rowspan=3 , Present Aorist ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولورم , olurum , {{lang, ota, اولورز , oluruz , {{lang, ota, ایدرم , ederim , {{lang, ota, ایدرز , ederiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اولورسن , olursun , {{lang, ota, اولورسڭز , olursunuz , {{lang, ota, ایدرسن , edersin , {{lang, ota, ایدرسڭز , edersiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولور , olur , {{lang, ota, اولورلر , olurlar , {{lang, ota, ایدر , eder , {{lang, ota, ایدرلر , ederler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past Perfect ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولدم , oldum , {{lang, ota, اولدق , olduk , {{lang, ota, ایتدم , ettim , {{lang, ota, ایتدك , ettik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اولدڭ , oldun , {{lang, ota, اولدڭز , oldunuz , {{lang, ota, ایتدڭ , ettin , {{lang, ota, ایتدڭز , ettiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولدی , oldu , {{lang, ota, اولدیلر , oldular , {{lang, ota, ایتدی , etti , {{lang, ota, ایتدیلر , ettiler , - ! rowspan=3 , Future ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جغم , olacağım , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جغز , olacağız , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جگم , edeceğim , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جگز , edeceğiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جقسن , olacaksın , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جقسڭز , olacaksınız , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جكسن , edeceksin , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جكسڭز , edeceksiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جق , olacak , {{lang, ota, اوله‌جقلر , olacaklar , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جك , edecek , {{lang, ota, ایده‌جكلر , edecekler , - ! rowspan=6 {{vert header, Necessitative ! rowspan=3 , Aorist ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولملویم , olmalıyım , {{lang, ota, اولملویز , olmalıyız , {{lang, ota, ایتملییم , etmeliyim , {{lang, ota, ایتملییز , etmeliyiz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اولملوسن , olmalısın , {{lang, ota, اولملوسڭز , olmalısınız , {{lang, ota, ایتملیسن , etmelisin , {{lang, ota, ایتملیسڭز , etmelisiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولملو , olmalı , {{lang, ota, اولملولر , olmalılar , {{lang, ota, ایتملی , etmeli , {{lang, ota, ایتملیلر , etmeliler , - ! rowspan=3 , Past ! 1 , {{lang, ota, اولملویدم , olmalıydım , {{lang, ota, اولملویدق , olmalıydık , {{lang, ota, ایتملییدم , etmeliydim , {{lang, ota, ایتملییدق , etmeliydik , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اوللویدڭ , olmalıydın , {{lang, ota, اولملویدڭز , olmalıydınız , {{lang, ota, ایتملییدڭ , etmeliydin , {{lang, ota, ایتكلییدڭز , etmeliydiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولملویدی , olmalıydı , {{lang, ota, اولملویدیلر , olmalıydılar , {{lang, ota, ایتملییدی , etmeliydi , {{lang, ota, ایتملییدیلر , etmeliydiler , - ! rowspan=4 {{vert header, Optative ! rowspan=4 , Present ! rowspan=2 , 1 , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اوله‌یم , rowspan=2 , olayım , {{lang, ota, اوله‌یز , olayız , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایده‌یم , rowspan=2 , edeyim , {{lang, ota, ایده‌یز , edeeyiz , - , {{lang, ota, اوله‌لم , olalım , {{lang, ota, ایده‌لم , edelim , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, اوله‌سن , olasın , {{lang, ota, اوله‌سڭز , olasınız , {{lang, ota, ایده‌سن , edesin , {{lang, ota, ایده‌سڭز , edesiniz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اوله , ola , {{lang, ota, اوله‌لر , olalar , {{lang, ota, ایده , ede , {{lang, ota, ایده‌لر , edeler , - ! rowspan=4 colspan=2 , Imperative ! 1 , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, اوله‌لم , olalım , colspan=2 align=center , — , {{lang, ota, ایده‌لم , edelim , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, اول , ol , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, اولڭز , rowspan=2 , olunuz , {{lang, ota, ایت , et , rowspan=2 , {{lang, ota, ایدڭز , rowspan=2 , ediniz , - , {{lang, ota, اولڭ , olun , {{lang, ota, ایدڭ , edin , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, اولسون , olsun , {{lang, ota, اولسونلر , olsunlar , {{lang, ota, ایتسون , etsin , {{lang, ota, ایتسونلر , etsinler

'to be' and 'not to be' Verbs

In Turkish, there is a verb representing ''to be'', but it is a defective verb. It does not have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix. {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 , ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Person ! colspan=4 , 'to be' , - ! colspan=2 , Singular ! colspan=2 , Plural , - ! rowspan=10 {{vert header, Indicative ! rowspan=4 , Present ! rowspan=2 , 1 , {{lang, ota, ـم , -ım, -im, -um, -üm , {{lang, ota, ـز , -ız, -iz, -uz, -üz , - , {{lang, ota, ـیم , -yım, -yim, -yum, -yüm , {{lang, ota, ـیز , -yız, -yiz, -yuz, -yüz , - ! 2 , {{lang, ota, ـسن , -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün , {{lang, ota, ـسڭز , -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz , - ! 3 , {{lang, ota, ـدر , -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür
-tır, -tir, -tur, -tür , {{lang, ota, ـدرلر , -dırlar, -dirler, -durlar, -dürler
-tırlar, -tirler, -turlar, -türler , - ! rowspan=6 , Past ! rowspan=2 , 1 , {{lang, ota, ـدیم , -dım, -dim, -dum, -düm
-tım, -tim, -tum, -tüm , {{lang, ota, ـدك , -dık, -dik, -duk, -dük
-tık, -tik, -tuk, -tük , - , {{lang, ota, ـیدیم , -ydım, -ydim, -ydum, -ydüm , {{lang, ota, ـیدك , -ydık, -ydik, -yduk, -ydük , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, ـدڭ , -dın, -din, -dun, -dün
-tın, -tin, -tun, -tün , {{lang, ota, ـدڭز , -dınız, -diniz, -dunuz, -dünüz
-tınız, -tiniz, -tunuz, -tünüz , - , {{lang, ota, ـیدڭ , -ydın, -ydin, -ydun, -ydün , {{lang, ota, ـیدڭز , -ydınız, -ydiniz, -ydunuz, -ydünüz , - ! rowspan=2 , 3 , {{lang, ota, ـدی , -dı, -di, -du, -dü
-tı, -ti, -tu, -tü , {{lang, ota, ـدیلر , -dılar, -diler, -dular, -düler
-tılar, -tiler, -tular, -tüler , - , {{lang, ota, ـیدی , -ydı, -ydi, -ydu, -ydü , {{lang, ota, ـیدیلر , -ydılar, -ydiler, -ydular, -ydüler , - ! rowspan=12 {{vert header, Conditional ! rowspan=6 , Aorist ! rowspan=2 , 1 , {{lang, ota, ـسم , -sam, -sem , {{lang, ota, ـسك , -sak, -sek , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسم , -ysam, -ysem , {{lang, ota, ـیسك , -ysak, -ysek , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, ـسڭ , -san, -sen , {{lang, ota, ـسڭز , -sanız, -seniz, -sanuz, -senüz , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسڭ , -ysan, -ysen , {{lang, ota, ـیسڭز , -ysanız, -yseniz, -ysanuz, -ysenüz , - ! rowspan=2 , 3 , {{lang, ota, ـسه , -sa, -se , {{lang, ota, ـسه‌لر , -salar, -seler , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسه , -ysa, -yse , {{lang, ota, ـیسه‌لر , -ysalar, -yseler , - ! rowspan=6 , Past ! rowspan=2 , 1 , {{lang, ota, ـسیدم , -saydım, -seydim, -saydum, -seydüm , {{lang, ota, ـسیدك , -saydık, -seydik, -sayduk, -seydük , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدم , -ysaydım, -yseydim, -ysaydum, -yseydüm , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدك , -ysaydık, -yseydik, -ysayduk, -yseydük , - ! rowspan=2 , 2 , {{lang, ota, ـسیدڭ , -saydın, -seydin, -saydun, -seydün , {{lang, ota, ـسیدڭز , -saydınız, -seydiniz, -saydunuz, -seydünüz , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدڭ , -ysaydın, -yseydin, -ysaydun, -yseydün , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدڭز , -ysaydınız, -yseydiniz, -ysaydunuz, -yseydünüz , - ! rowspan=2 , 3 , {{lang, ota, ـسیدی , -saydı, -seydi, -saydu, -seydü , {{lang, ota, ـسیدیلر , -saydılar, -seydiler, -saydular, -seydüler , - , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدی , -ysaydı, -yseydi, -ysaydu, -yseydü , {{lang, ota, ـیسیدیلر , -ysaydılar, -yseydiler, -ysaydular, -yseydüler Negative verb ''to be'' is created with the use of the word {{lang, ota, دگل ''değil'', followed by the appropriate conjugation of the ''to be'' verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person. * {{lang, ota, بن ایشجی دگلم / ''ben işçi değilim'': 'I am not a worker' * {{lang, ota, او چفتجی دگلدر / ''o çiftçi değildir'': 'he is not a farmer' * {{lang, ota, او چفتجی دگل / ''o çiftçi değil'': 'he is not a farmer' * {{lang, ota, اگر كندم ایچون حاضر دگلسیدم / ''eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.'': 'if I'm not ready for myself'

'to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' Verbs

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula, the word {{lang, ota, وار ''var''. * {{lang, ota, او وار / ''ev var'': 'there is a house' The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine". * {{lang, ota, اوم وار / ''evim var'': 'I have a house' The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula {{lang, ota, وار ''var'', followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: {{lang, ota, ایتمك ''etmek'' attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section. * {{lang, ota, اوڭ واردی / ''evin vardı'': 'you had a house' * {{lang, ota, بناء وارملییدی / ''bina varmalıydı'': 'there had to be a building' The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula {{lang, ota, یوق ''yok'' is used. * {{lang, ota, او یوق / ''ev yok'': 'there isn't a house' * {{lang, ota, اوم یوق / ''evim yok'': 'I don't have a house' * {{lang, ota, اوڭ یوقدی / ''evin yoktu'': 'you didn't have a house' * {{lang, ota, بناء یوقملییدی / ''bina yokmalıydı'': 'there must not have been a building'

Verb Construction

Turkish being an

agglutinative language An agglutinative language is a type of language that primarily forms words by stringing together morphemes (word parts)—each typically representing a single grammatical meaning—without significant modification to their forms ( agglutinations) ...

as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words. Below table is a sample from the verb {{lang, ota, تپمك ({{translit, ota, tepmek, "to kick"), whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is {{lang, ota, تپ ({{translit, ota, tep). Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of {{lang, ota, ـمك ({{translit, ota, -mek) at the end. {, class=wikitable textalign=center ! colspan=2 rowspan=3 , Classes ! colspan=3 , Active , - ! Transitive or Intransitive ! Transitive or Intransitive ! Intransitive , - ! Determinate ! Indeterminate ! Reciprocal , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Afirmative ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپ (tep)
''kick'' , {{lang, ota, تپن (tepin)
''kick about, dance'' , {{lang, ota, تپش (tepiş)
''mutually kick one another'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدر (teptir)
''make/let s.o. kick/be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندر (tepindir)
''make s.o. kick about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدر (tepiştir)
''make s.o.s kick one another mutually'' , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Negative ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپمه (tepme)
''don't kick'' , {{lang, ota, تپنمه (tepinme)
''don't kick about, don't dance'' , {{lang, ota, تپشمه (tepişme)
''don't mutually kick one another'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدرمه (teptirme)
''make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندرمه (tepindirme)
''make not s.o. kick about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدرمه (tepiştirme)
''make not s.o.s kick one another mutually'' , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Impotential ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپه‌مه (tepeme)
''be unable to kick'' , {{lang, ota, تپنه‌مه (tepineme)
''be unable to kick about, dance'' , {{lang, ota, تپشه‌مه (tepişeme)
''be unable to mutually kick one another'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدره‌مه (teptireme)
''be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندره‌مه (tepindireme)
''be unable to make s.o. kick about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدره‌مه (tepiştireme)
''be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually'' , - ! colspan=2 rowspan=3 , Classes ! colspan=3 , Passive , - ! Transitive or Intransitive ! Transitive or Intransitive ! Intransitive , - ! Determinate ! Indeterminate ! Reciprocal , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Afirmative ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپل (tepil)
''be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپنل (tepinil)
''be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشل (tepişil)
''be mutually kick in'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدرل (teptiril)
''be mad to be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندرل (tepindiril)
''be made to be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدرل (tepiştiril)
''be made to kick one another mutually'' , - , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Negative ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپلمه (tepilme)
''not be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپنلمه (tepinilme)
''not be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشلمه (tepişilme)
''not be mutually kicked'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدرلمه (teptirilme)
''be not made to be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندرلمه (tepindirilme)
''be not made to be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدرلمه (tepiştirilme)
''be not made to be one another mutually kicked'' , - ! rowspan=2 {{vert header, Impotential ! Simple , {{lang, ota, تپله‌مه (tepilme)
''be unable to be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپنله‌مه (tepinileme)
''be unable to be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشله‌مه (tepişileme)
''be unable to be mutually kicked'' , - ! Causative
(Permissive) , {{lang, ota, تپدرله‌مه (teptirileme)
''be unable to be made to be kicked'' , {{lang, ota, تپندرله‌مه (tepindirileme)
''be unable to be made to be kicked about'' , {{lang, ota, تپشدرله‌مه (tepiştirileme)
''be unable to be made to be mutually kicked''

Structure

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.{{ill, Bertold Spuler, de
''Persian Historiography & Geography''
Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd {{ISBN, 9971774887 p 69 As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian

phonological Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often prefer ...

mutation of the words of Arabic origin. The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.Korkut Bugday
''An Introduction to Literary Ottoman''
Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 {{ISBN, 978-1134006557 p XV. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic. In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish: * {{translit, ota, Fasih Türkçe {{lang, ota, فصیح توركچه (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense; * {{translit, ota, Orta Türkçe {{lang, ota, اورتا توركچه (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade; * {{translit, ota, Kaba Türkçe {{lang, ota, قبا توركچه (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes. A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the {{translit, ota, fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and {{translit, ota, kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic {{translit, ota, asel ({{lang, ota, عسل) to refer to

honey Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of pl ...

when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word {{lang, tr, bal ({{lang, ota, بال) when buying it.

Numbers

{{see also, Eastern Arabic numerals {, class=wikitable , + Cardinal numbers , - align=center , 0 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٠ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, صفر , , align=left , {{translit, ota, sıfır , - align=center , 1 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ١ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, بر , , align=left , {{translit, ota, bir , - align=center , 2 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٢ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ایكی , , align=left , {{translit, ota, iki , - align=center , 3 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٣ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, اوچ , , align=left , {{translit, ota, üç , - align=center , 4 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٤ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, درت , , align=left , {{translit, ota, dört , - align=center , 5 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٥ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, بش , , align=left , {{translit, ota, beş , - align=center , 6 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٦ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, آلتی , , align=left , {{translit, ota, altı , - align=center , 7 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٧ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, یدی , , align=left , {{translit, ota, yedi , - align=center , 8 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٨ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, سكز , , align=left , {{translit, ota, sekiz , - align=center , 9 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ٩ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, طقوز , , align=left , {{translit, ota, dokuz , - align=center , 10 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ١٠ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, اون , , align=left , {{translit, ota, on , - align=center , 11 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ١١ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, اون بر , , align=left , {{translit, ota, on bir , - align=center , 12 , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, ١٢ , , style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" , {{lang, ota, اون ایكی , , align=left , {{translit, ota, on iki

Transliterations

{{see also, Ottoman Turkish alphabet The transliteration system of the {{lang, tr, İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a ''de facto'' standard in

Oriental studies Oriental studies is the academic field that studies Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology. In recent years, the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Middle Eastern studie ...

for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. In transcription, the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the {{lang, de,

Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft The (, ''German Oriental Society''), abbreviated DMG, is a scholarly organization dedicated to Oriental studies, that is, to the study of the languages and cultures of the Near East and the Far East, the broader Orient, Asia, Oceania, and Afric ...

, italic=no (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems. {, class="wikitable" , + İA-TransliterationKorkut Buğday ''Osmanisch'', p. 2f. , - align=center , {{lang, ota, ا , {{lang, ota, ب , {{lang, ota, پ , {{lang, ota, ت , {{lang, ota, ث , {{lang, ota, ج , {{lang, ota, چ , {{lang, ota, ح , {{lang, ota, خ , {{lang, ota, د , {{lang, ota, ذ , {{lang, ota, ر , {{lang, ota, ز , {{lang, ota, ژ , {{lang, ota, س , {{lang, ota, ش , {{lang, ota, ص , {{lang, ota, ض , {{lang, ota, ط , {{lang, ota, ظ , {{lang, ota, ع , {{lang, ota, غ , {{lang, ota, ف , {{lang, ota, ق , {{lang, ota, ك , {{lang, ota, گ , {{lang, ota, ڭ , {{lang, ota, ل , {{lang, ota, م , {{lang, ota, ن , {{lang, ota, و , {{lang, ota, ه , {{lang, ota, ی , - align=center , {{translit, ota, ʾ, ā , {{translit, ota, b , {{translit, ota, p , {{translit, ota, t , {{translit, ota, s̱ , {{translit, ota, c , {{translit, ota, ç , {{translit, ota, ḥ , {{translit, ota, ḫ , {{translit, ota, d , {{translit, ota, ẕ , {{translit, ota, r , {{translit, ota, z , {{translit, ota, j , {{translit, ota, s , {{translit, ota, ş , {{translit, ota, ṣ , {{translit, ota, ż , {{translit, ota, ṭ , {{translit, ota, ẓ , {{translit, ota, ʿ , {{translit, ota, ġ , {{translit, ota, f , {{translit, ota, ḳ , {{translit, ota, k, g, ñ, ğ , {{translit, ota, g , {{translit, ota, ñ , {{translit, ota, l , {{translit, ota, m , {{translit, ota, n , {{translit, ota, v , {{translit, ota, h , {{translit, ota, y

Notes

{{Notelist

References

{{Reflist

External links

{{Incubator, ota, Wiktionary {{WikisourceWiki, Ottoman {{wiktionary category, category=Ottoman Turkish language
Latin to Ottoman Turkish transliterationMichael Talbot. 2021. Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish (pp. 68-71). In: Tomasz Kamusella. ''Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe''. Budapest and Vienna: Central European University Press.Ottoman Text Archive Project
* ttp://www.dilbilimi.net/osmanli_arastirmalari.htm#osmanli_turkcesi_metinleri Ottoman Turkish Language Textsbr>Ottoman-Turkish-English Open DictionaryOttoman<->Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale
You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – ihya.orgKubbealtı Lugatı
{{Turkic languages {{Turkish language {{Languages in Maghreb {{Authority control Languages of Tunisia Turkic languages Extinct languages of Europe Extinct languages of Asia