The Orinoco Delta swamp forests (NT0147) is an
ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and c ...
of eastern Venezuela and northern Guyana covering the large and shifting
Orinoco Delta
The Orinoco Delta is a vast river delta of the Orinoco River, located in eastern Venezuela.
Location
The Orinoco Delta is one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela.
It covers the whole of Delta Amacuro State and a few square kilometers o ...
.
The vegetation is mostly permanently flooded rainforest.
The ecoregion is relatively intact apart from a large area that was damaged by a failed flood control program in the 1960s.
It is inaccessible, so logging is difficult, and the soil is unsuitable for farming.
The main threat comes from oil exploration, which would bring an influx of settlers into the delta.
Location
The Orinoco Delta swamp forests in the lower delta plain of the Orinoco River are one of Earth's largest intact areas of wetlands.
They cover an area of .
The forests extend from the base of the
Paria Peninsula
The Paria Peninsula () is a large peninsula on the Caribbean Sea, in the state of Sucre in northern Venezuela.
Geography
Separating the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Paria, the peninsula is part of the mountain range, in the Venezuelan Coa ...
in the northeast of Venezuela south across the
Orinoco Delta
The Orinoco Delta is a vast river delta of the Orinoco River, located in eastern Venezuela.
Location
The Orinoco Delta is one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela.
It covers the whole of Delta Amacuro State and a few square kilometers o ...
floodplain to the
Waini River of Guyana.
The ecoregion is bounded on the
Gulf of Paria
The Gulf of Paria ( ; ) is a shallow ( at its deepest) semi-enclosed inland sea located between the island of Trinidad and the east coast of Venezuela. It separates the two countries by as little as at its narrowest and at its widest points. T ...
and the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
by stretches of
Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves.
It contains sections of
Orinoco wetlands
The Orinoco wetlands (NT0906) is an ecoregion of northeast Venezuela within the northern Orinoco Delta.
It holds areas of tall grasses in flooded land, surrounded by mangroves and swamp forest, giving way to the drier Llanos savanna in the west.
...
.
To the northwest it adjoins the
La Costa xeric shrublands.
To the west it adjoins the
Llanos
The Llanos ( Spanish ''Los Llanos'', "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, ...
and to the south it adjoins the
Guianan moist forests.
Physical
The terrain is flat, with typical elevations of above sea level, but in the south there are terra firme
levee
A levee ( or ), dike (American English), dyke (British English; see American and British English spelling differences#Miscellaneous spelling differences, spelling differences), embankment, floodbank, or stop bank is an elevated ridge, natural ...
s up to high.
The soils are alluvial deposits carried by rivers from the
Andes
The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the List of longest mountain chains on Earth, longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range ...
of Colombia and Venezuela.
The Orinoco fans out into large and small
distributaries in the delta, which wind through a
landscape
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...
of permanent wetlands and marshes,
oxbow lake
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake or stream pool, pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is meander cutoff, cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether ...
s and levees.
Climate
The
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
is "Af": equatorial, fully humid.
Annual rainfall varies by location from , and is highest in the south.
A wet season generally lasts from April/May to December.
At a sample location at coordinates the temperature is relatively stable throughout the year, slightly cooler in January and July and slightly warmer in May and October.
Yearly average minimum temperature is and maximum is with a mean temperature of .
Yearly total rainfall is about .
Average monthly rainfall varies from in February to in July.
Ecology
The Orinoco Delta swamp forests are in the
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
Description
TSMF is generally found in la ...
biome.
The ecoregion is part of the Guianan Moist Forests Global Ecoregion, which also includes the
Guianan moist forests and the
Paramaribo swamp forests.
Flora
The Orinoco delta is largely covered by permanently flooded tropical ombrophilous swamp forest, which support various endemic species of plants, with areas of wetlands, mangroves and
terra firma rainforest.
Most of the vegetation consists of
hydrophilous trees and palms, with many
epiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant or plant-like organism that grows on the surface of another plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphyt ...
s and scattered
herbaceous plant
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition o ...
s.
Hardwood trees include ''
Carapa guianensis
''Carapa guianensis'' is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae, also known by the common names andiroba or crabwood.
Description
Andiroba is native to the Amazon and is widely used by the indigenous populations of the northern region of ...
'', ''
Ceiba pentandra
''Ceiba pentandra'' is a tropical tree of the order (biology), order Malvales and the family (biology), family Malvaceae (previously emplaced in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, ...
'', ''
Dimorphandra excelsa'', ''
Hirtella triandra'', ''
Inga punctata'', ''
Manilkara bidentata
''Manilkara bidentata'' is a species of '' Manilkara'' native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) " cow-tree".
...
'', ''
Chlorocardium rodiei'', ''
Pentaclethra macroloba
''Pentaclethra macroloba'' is a large and common leguminous tree in the genus ''Pentaclethra'' native to the wet tropical areas of the northern Neotropics, which can form monoculture, monocultural stands in some seasonally flooded habitats. It ha ...
'', ''
Pterocarpus officinalis'', ''
Symphonia globulifera'' and ''
Terminalia obovata''. Palms, often growing in stands of one species, include ''
Astrocaryum aculeatum'',
açaí palm (''Euterpe oleracea''), ''
Manicaria saccifera'' and ''
Mauritia flexuosa
''Mauritia flexuosa'', known as the moriche palm, ''ité'' palm, ''ita'', ''buriti'', ''muriti'', ''miriti'' (Brazil), ''canangucho'' (Colombia), ''morete or acho'' (Ecuador), ''palma real'' (Bolivia), or ''aguaje'' (Peru), is a Arecaceae, palm t ...
''.
Fauna

The swamp forests are home to species that include
Orinoco crocodile (''Crocodylus intermedius''),
Amazon river dolphin
The Amazon river dolphin (''Inia geoffrensis''), also known as the boto, bufeo or pink river dolphin, is a species of toothed whale Endemism, endemic to South America and is classified in the family Iniidae. Three subspecies are currently recogni ...
(''Inia geoffrensis''),
jaguar
The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large felidae, cat species and the only extant taxon, living member of the genus ''Panthera'' that is native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the biggest cat spe ...
(''Panthera onca''),
bush dog (''Speothos venaticus''),
giant otter
The giant otter or giant river otter (''Pteronura brasiliensis'') is a South American carnivorous mammal. It is the longest member of the weasel family, Mustelidae, a globally successful group of predators, reaching up to . Atypical of mustel ...
(''Pteronura brasiliensis''),
Orinoco goose (''Neochen jubata'') and
harpy eagle
The harpy eagle (''Harpia harpyja'') is a large Neotropical realm, neotropical species of eagle. It is also called the American harpy eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan eagle, which is sometimes known as the New Guinea Harpy Eagle, New Guin ...
(''Harpia harpyja'').
Endangered species include the Orinoco crocodile, giant otter and
yellow-bellied seedeater (''Sporophila nigricollis'').
Status
The
World Wildlife Fund
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the ...
classes the ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact".
A flood control program in the 1960s dammed the
Caño Manamo, which reduced water levels in the upper delta.
This part of the delta became tidal and much more saline than before, with a drastic impact on the flora and fauna.
Otherwise the swamp forests are mostly intact.
The highest risk now comes from oil exploration, which would bring more people into the region and cause forest clearance for food and building materials.
The way of life of the indigenous
Warao people
The Warao are an Indigenous Amerindian people inhabiting northeastern Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Alternate common spellings of Warao are Waroa, Guarauno, Guarao, and Warrau. The term ''Warao'' translates as "the boat pe ...
would be disturbed by the newcomers.
In some areas the
açaí (''Euterpe oleracea'') and moriche (''
Mauritia flexuosa
''Mauritia flexuosa'', known as the moriche palm, ''ité'' palm, ''ita'', ''buriti'', ''muriti'', ''miriti'' (Brazil), ''canangucho'' (Colombia), ''morete or acho'' (Ecuador), ''palma real'' (Bolivia), or ''aguaje'' (Peru), is a Arecaceae, palm t ...
'') palm trees are over-exploited. Although the region is largely inaccessible, there is growing concern about logging. The cleared land is poor quality and cannot support farming.
There are two indigenous reserves, which do not provide much protection, and several conservation units.
The
Delta del Orinoco Biosphere Reserve is a sustainable use unit. Part of it covers wetlands.
The
Imataca Forest Reserve is another sustainable use unit with a portion that covers the eastern coastal wetlands.
National parks in Venezuela are fully protected, and cover parts of the wetlands and surrounding ecoregions.
They include the
Delta del Orinoco National Park, the
Turuépano National Park in the north of the ecoregion and the
Mariusa National Park that protects wetlands along the
Caño Macareo.
References
Sources
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Orinoco Delta swamp forests
Ecoregions of Venezuela
Ecoregions of Guyana
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests