The Order of Leopold II is an order of

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

and is named in honor of King Leopold II. The decoration was established on 24 August 1900 by Leopold II as Sovereign of the

Congo Free State The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (), was a large Sovereign state, state and absolute monarchy in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately owned by Leopold II of Belgium, King Leopold II, the const ...

and was in 1908, upon Congo being handed over to Belgium, incorporated into the Belgian awards system. The order is awarded for meritorious service to the sovereign of Belgium, and as a token of his personal goodwill. It can be awarded to both Belgians and foreigners, and is seen as diplomatic gift of merit. The order has become a long service order for people in the civil service and is awarded alternatively with the Order of the Crown, as the Order of Leopold is awarded under rarer circumstances. The order currently stands third after the Order of Leopold (1st) and the Order of the Crown (2nd) in the Belgian honors hierarchy. The Order of Leopold II is awarded by royal decree.

Classes

The Order of Leopold II is issued in five classes and three medals: * ', who wears the badge on a sash on the right shoulder, plus a plaque on the left chest; * ', who wears only a plaque on the left chest; * ', who wears the badge on a necklet; * ', who wears the badge on a ribbon with rosette on the left chest; * ', who wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest; * ', who wears the medal on the left chest; * ', who wears the medal on the left chest; * ', who wears the medal on the left chest.

Insignia

*The ''badge'' of the Order is a metal Maltese Cross, in silver for the Knight class and in gold for the higher classes, with a wreath of laurel leaves of the same metal between the arms of the cross. The obverse central disc features a

lion The lion (''Panthera leo'') is a large Felidae, cat of the genus ''Panthera'', native to Sub-Saharan Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body (biology), body; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the ...

on a black enamel background surrounded by a blue enamel ring with the motto "Unity Is Strength" in French ('' L'union fait la force'') and in Dutch ('' Eendracht maakt macht''). The badge is topped by a crown of the same metal. Up to the inclusion of the Order of Leoplold II in the Belgian National Orders, the central disk showed an enamelled blue, black and white coat of arms of the Congo Free State and the motto ''Travail et Progrès''. *The ''plaque'' for Grand Cross is a faceted silver five-pointed star with golden rays between the branches of the star. The centre shows the obverse of a commander's cross. The plaque for Grand Officer is a faceted five-armed 'Maltese Asterisk' (see Maltese Cross), with golden rays between the arms. The centre shows the obverse of an officer's cross. *The ''medal'' shows the shape of the Order badge imprinted in a metal shape that is vaguely octagonal and looks like a closed florian cross. The metal of the Medal is gold for the gold medal, Silver for the silver medal and Bronze for the bronze medal. *The ''ribbon'' of the Order is blue with a central black stripe. However, if the Order is awarded in special circumstances, the ribbon of the Officer and Knight classes show the following variations: ** Crossed swords are added to the ribbon when awarded in wartime (if the Order was awarded during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

or during the

Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...

, a small bar is added to the ribbon mentioning the name of the war); **The ribbon has a vertical gold border on both sides when awarded for a special act of valour; **The ribbon has a central vertical gold stripe in the middle of the black stripe when awarded for an exceptionally meritorious act; **A gold star is added to the ribbon when the recipient has been mentioned in despatches at the national level; **Silver or gold palms are added to the ribbon when awarded in wartime to military personnel. Stars and borders or stripes can be awarded together, but these deviations are currently only rarely awarded. Originally, the central stripe of the ribbon was white, as blue and white were the colours of the Congo Free State. The ''

ribbon bar A medal ribbon, service ribbon or ribbon bar is a small ribbon, mounted on a small metal bar equipped with an attaching device, which is generally issued for wear in place of a medal when it is not appropriate to wear the actual medal. Each cou ...

'' of the order, which is worn on the semi-formal dress uniform is: Despite the fact that, contrary to the Order of Leopold, no maritime or military divisions of the Order of Leopold II exist, some unofficial decorations with crossed anchors or crossed swords under the suspension crown are known to exist.

Award conditions

Current award conditions of Belgian national orders

National Orders are awarded by Royal Decree at fixed dates: 8 April (

Birthday A birthday is the anniversary of the birth of a person or figuratively of an institution. Birthdays of people are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with birthday gifts, birthday cards, a birthday party, or a rite of passage. Many religion ...

of King Albert I), 15 November ( King's Feast), and in some cases on 21 July (Belgian national holiday)) to reward meritorious services to the Kingdom of Belgium based on the career path and age of the recipient. A number of different regulations rule the award of National Order for the various ministries. In addition, the National Orders may be awarded by the King for especially meritorious deeds. The Royal Decrees are published in the Belgian Official Journal ('' Moniteur Belge''). The Minister responsible for Foreign Affairs, currently the Federal Public Service (SPF/FOD) Foreign Affairs, administers the national orders and has a role of advisor in cases not fitting within a regulation. For the award of National Orders for persons to which no regulation apply or has been adopted, the number of awards is limited every year by decision of the Council of Ministers (''contingent''). The classes of the National Orders are integrated in a ''combined hierarchy'' defined by law, whereby within one class the Order of Leopold is senior to the Order of the Crown, which is senior to the Order of Leopold II. One cannot be awarded a National Order at a level below the highest that the recipient has already received. People who are the subject of criminal proceedings will usually not be awarded a National Order until they are declared not guilty.

Award conditions to military personnel

The Order of Leopold II is mostly awarded to military personnel on the basis of their length of service, although exceptions to that rule exist where the order is presented to military personnel for exceptional or meritorious service. (e.g. awards to officers or non-commissioned officers for devoted service to His Majesy the King). When officers are considered for the award based on their length of service, their years of service in a non-officer's rank count for half. The first twelve years of service as a member of the flying personnel counts double. * Grand Officer: Awarded at the time of retirement to a major-general having a minimum of 40 years of meritorious service; * Commander: Awarded after 30 years of meritorious service to a field officer member of the flying personnel with minimum rank of lieutenant-colonel, or at the time of retirement to other field officers with minimum rank of lieutenant-colonel having a minimum of 30 years of meritorious service; * Officer: Awarded after 22 years of meritorious service to a

commissioned officer An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service. Broadly speaking, "officer" means a commissioned officer, a non-commissioned officer (NCO), or a warrant officer. However, absent ...

member of the flying personnel with minimum rank of

captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...

, or at the time of retirement to other

s with minimum rank of

having between 20 and 25 years of meritorious service; * Knight: Awarded after 13 years of meritorious service to a

member of the flying personnel, after 30 years of meritorious service for a

non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted rank, enlisted leader, petty officer, or in some cases warrant officer, who does not hold a Commission (document), commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority b ...

(13 years for non-commissioned officers member of the flying personnel), and after 40 years of service for a private or

corporal Corporal is a military rank in use by the armed forces of many countries. It is also a police rank in some police services. The rank is usually the lowest ranking non-commissioned officer. In some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corr ...

; * Gold Medal: Awarded after 20 years of meritorious service to a

(9 years for non-commissioned officers member of the flying personnel), and after 25 years of service for a private or

; * Silver Medal: Awarded after 20 years of meritorious service for a private or

. For awards to military personnel, there is no minimum age requirement. For commissioned officers not members of the flying personnel, the Order of Leopold II is only awarded at the time of retirement, even if it is in fact earned before that in line with the rules presented above. Even then, because of the generic rule that one cannot be awarded a National Order at a level below the highest that the recipient has already received, the Order of Leopold II will not be awarded if the recipient has been awarded in the meantime a higher National Order than the Order of Leopold II at the Class he could receive. This apparent anomaly is due to the fact that King Albert I, who was fond of

aviation Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. ''Aircraft'' include fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air aircraft such as h ...

, wanted to provide a special reward to aircraft pilots, and therefore ordered that the Order of Leopold II only be awarded to them. In its early days, the Order of Leopold II awarded to pilots was adorned with a bar for every one hundred hours flown (a practice currently discontinued). The Order of Leopold II is also sometimes awarded to military personnel not meeting the conditions above when they have performed especially meritorious services to the King that do not deserve a special award of the Order of Leopold. This is in particular the case for commissioned officers who have been

adjutant Adjutant is a military appointment given to an Officer (armed forces), officer who assists the commanding officer with unit administration, mostly the management of “human resources” in an army unit. The term is used in French-speaking armed ...

to the King or Crown Prince (usually a part-time position for a few especially selected

Major Major most commonly refers to: * Major (rank), a military rank * Academic major, an academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits * People named Major, including given names, surnames, nicknames * Major and minor in musi ...

), who are usually awarded the Order at the rank of commander.

Award conditions for long civilian service

The Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold II is awarded to the presidents, secretaries and members of the board of directors of the largest representative trade organisations such as

trade unions A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...

on the basis of the number of members of the organisation, of the length of their membership of the board, and on the length of their tenure within the board. The Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold II is also awarded, after a tenure of 10 years, to the members of th
provincial committees for the promotion of labour
who have reached the age of 42.

References

* Royal Decree of 24 August 1900 Creating the Order of Leopold II * Law of 1 May 2006 on the Award of Honours in the National Orders (''Moniteur Belge'' of 24 October 2006) * Royal Decree of 13 October 2006 Defining the Rules and Procedure for the Award of Honours in the National Orders (''Moniteur Belge'' of 24 October 2006) * Royal Decree of 24 January 1994 Creating the Insignia of Two Crossed Swords topped by a Bar Showing the Mention ''Korea'' * Royal Decree of 18 April 1983 Creating the Insignia of Two Crossed Swords topped by a Bar Showing the Millesimes ''40-45'' * Royal Decree of 24 June 1919 Creating gold borders, gold stripes and gold stars for the National Orders Awarded in War Time (''Moniteur Belge'' of 11–12 August 1919) * Royal Decree of 15 November 1915 Creating Palms for the National Orders Awarded in War Time (''Moniteur Belge'' of 28–30 November and 1–4 December 1915) * Belgian military regulation A83 on Military Decorations * Belgian military regulation DGHR-REG-DISPSYS-001 of 20 February 2006 * Belgian Ministry of Labour (SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation Sociale), ''Clés pour les décorations du travail'' (Brussels: 2008) * Borné A.C., ''Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830-1985'' (Bruxelles: 1985) * Van Hoorebeke P., ''175 Ans de l'Ordre de Léopold et les Ordres Nationaux Belges'' (MRA: 2007)