Order-6 Hexagonal Tiling Honeycomb
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In the field of
hyperbolic geometry In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry (also called Lobachevskian geometry or János Bolyai, Bolyai–Nikolai Lobachevsky, Lobachevskian geometry) is a non-Euclidean geometry. The parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry is replaced with: :For a ...
, the order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional
hyperbolic space In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension ''n'' is the unique simply connected, ''n''-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to −1. It is homogeneous, and satisfies the stronger property of being a symme ...
. It is ''paracompact'' because it has
cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life * Cellphone, a phone connected to a cellular network * Clandestine cell, a penetration-resistant form of a secret or outlawed organization * Electrochemical cell, a d ...
with an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
whose vertices lie on a
horosphere In hyperbolic geometry, a horosphere (or parasphere) is a specific hypersurface in hyperbolic ''n''-space. It is the boundary of a horoball, the limit of a sequence of increasing balls sharing (on one side) a tangent hyperplane and its point of ...
: a flat plane in hyperbolic space that approaches a single
ideal point In hyperbolic geometry, an ideal point, omega point or point at infinity is a well-defined point outside the hyperbolic plane or space. Given a line ''l'' and a point ''P'' not on ''l'', right- and left-limiting parallels to ''l'' through ''P'' ...
at infinity. The
Schläfli symbol In geometry, the Schläfli symbol is a notation of the form \ that defines List of regular polytopes and compounds, regular polytopes and tessellations. The Schläfli symbol is named after the 19th-century Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli, wh ...
of the hexagonal tiling honeycomb is . Since that of the
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
of the plane is , this honeycomb has six such hexagonal tilings meeting at each edge. Since the Schläfli symbol of the
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
is , the
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
of this honeycomb is a triangular tiling. Thus, infinitely many hexagonal tilings meet at each vertex of this honeycomb.


Related tilings

The order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is analogous to the 2D hyperbolic
infinite-order apeirogonal tiling The infinite-order apeirogonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of , which means it has countably infinitely many apeirogons around all its ideal vertices. Symmetry This tiling represents the fundame ...
, , with infinite
apeirogon In geometry, an apeirogon () or infinite polygon is a polygon with an infinite number of sides. Apeirogons are the rank 2 case of infinite polytopes. In some literature, the term "apeirogon" may refer only to the regular apeirogon, with an in ...
al faces, and with all vertices on the ideal surface. : It contains and that tile 2- hypercycle surfaces, which are similar to the paracompact tilings and (the
truncated infinite-order triangular tiling In geometry, the truncated infinite-order triangular tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane with a Schläfli symbol of t. Symmetry The dual of this tiling represents the fundamental domains of *∞33 symmetry. There are no mirror rem ...
and
order-3 apeirogonal tiling In geometry, the order-3 apeirogonal tiling is a regular hyperbolic tiling, regular tiling of the Hyperbolic geometry, hyperbolic plane. It is represented by the Schläfli symbol , having three regular Apeirogon#Hyperbolic geometry, apeirogons aro ...
, respectively): :


Symmetry

The order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb has a half-symmetry construction: . It also has an index-6 subgroup, ,3*,6 with a non-simplex fundamental domain. This subgroup corresponds to a
Coxeter diagram Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter (9 February 1907 – 31 March 2003) was a British-Canadian geometer and mathematician. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century. Coxeter was born in England and educated ...
with six order-3 branches and three infinite-order branches in the shape of a triangular prism: .


Related polytopes and honeycombs

The order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is a regular hyperbolic honeycomb in 3-space, and one of eleven paracompact honeycombs in 3-space. There are nine uniform honeycombs in the ,3,6
Coxeter group In mathematics, a Coxeter group, named after H. S. M. Coxeter, is an abstract group that admits a formal description in terms of reflections (or kaleidoscopic mirrors). Indeed, the finite Coxeter groups are precisely the finite Euclidean ref ...
family, including this regular form. This honeycomb has a related alternated honeycomb, the triangular tiling honeycomb, but with a lower symmetry: ↔ . The order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is part of a sequence of regular
polychora In geometry, a 4-polytope (sometimes also called a polychoron, polycell, or polyhedroid) is a four-dimensional polytope. It is a connected and closed figure, composed of lower-dimensional polytopal elements: vertices, edges, faces (polygons), a ...
and honeycombs with
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
vertex figures: It is also part of a sequence of regular
polychora In geometry, a 4-polytope (sometimes also called a polychoron, polycell, or polyhedroid) is a four-dimensional polytope. It is a connected and closed figure, composed of lower-dimensional polytopal elements: vertices, edges, faces (polygons), a ...
and honeycombs with
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
cells: It is also part of a sequence of regular
polychora In geometry, a 4-polytope (sometimes also called a polychoron, polycell, or polyhedroid) is a four-dimensional polytope. It is a connected and closed figure, composed of lower-dimensional polytopal elements: vertices, edges, faces (polygons), a ...
and honeycombs with regular deltahedral
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
s:


Rectified order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The rectified order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t1, has
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
and
trihexagonal tiling In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. See in particular Theorem 2.1.3, p. 59 (classification of uniform tilings); Figure 2.1.5, p.63 (illustration of this tiling), Theorem 2 ...
facets, with a
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
. it can also be seen as a quarter order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, q, ↔ . It is analogous to 2D hyperbolic
order-4 apeirogonal tiling In geometry, the order-4 apeirogonal tiling is a List of regular polytopes#Hyperbolic tilings, regular Tessellation, tiling of the Hyperbolic geometry, hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of . Symmetry This tiling represents the mirror li ...
, r with infinite
apeirogon In geometry, an apeirogon () or infinite polygon is a polygon with an infinite number of sides. Apeirogons are the rank 2 case of infinite polytopes. In some literature, the term "apeirogon" may refer only to the regular apeirogon, with an in ...
al faces, and with all vertices on the ideal surface. :


Related honeycombs

The order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is part of a series of honeycombs with
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
s: It is also part of a matrix of 3-dimensional quarter honeycombs: q


Truncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The truncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,1, has
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
and
truncated hexagonal tiling In geometry, the truncated hexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are 2 dodecagons (12-sides) and one triangle on each vertex (geometry), vertex. As the name implies this tiling is constructed by a Truncation (geom ...
facets, with a
hexagonal pyramid In geometry, a hexagonal pyramid is a pyramid with a hexagonal base upon which are erected six triangular faces that meet at a point (the apex). Like any pyramid, it is self- dual. Properties A hexagonal pyramid has seven vertices, twelve ed ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.Twitter
Rotation around 3 fold axis


Bitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The bitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is a lower symmetry construction of the regular hexagonal tiling honeycomb, ↔ . It contains
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
facets, with a
tetrahedron In geometry, a tetrahedron (: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular Face (geometry), faces, six straight Edge (geometry), edges, and four vertex (geometry), vertices. The tet ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Cantellated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The cantellated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,2, has
trihexagonal tiling In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. See in particular Theorem 2.1.3, p. 59 (classification of uniform tilings); Figure 2.1.5, p.63 (illustration of this tiling), Theorem 2 ...
,
rhombitrihexagonal tiling In geometry, the rhombitrihexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are one triangle, two squares, and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of rr. John Conway calls it a rhombihexadeltille.Conway, 200 ...
, and
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
cells, with a
wedge A wedge is a triangle, triangular shaped tool, a portable inclined plane, and one of the six simple machines. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place. It functions by conver ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Cantitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The cantitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,1,2, has
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
, truncated trihexagonal tiling, and
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
cells, with a mirrored sphenoid
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Runcinated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The runcinated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,3, has
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
and
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
cells, with a triangular antiprism
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
. It is analogous to the 2D hyperbolic rhombihexahexagonal tiling, rr, with square and hexagonal faces: :


Runcitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The runcitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,1,3, has
truncated hexagonal tiling In geometry, the truncated hexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are 2 dodecagons (12-sides) and one triangle on each vertex (geometry), vertex. As the name implies this tiling is constructed by a Truncation (geom ...
,
rhombitrihexagonal tiling In geometry, the rhombitrihexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are one triangle, two squares, and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of rr. John Conway calls it a rhombihexadeltille.Conway, 200 ...
,
hexagonal prism In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with hexagonal base. Prisms are polyhedrons; this polyhedron has 8 face (geometry), faces, 18 Edge (geometry), edges, and 12 vertex (geometry), vertices.. As a semiregular polyhedro ...
, and
dodecagonal prism In geometry, the dodecagonal prism is the tenth in an infinite set of prisms, formed by square sides and two regular dodecagon caps. If faces are all regular, it is a uniform polyhedron In geometry, a uniform polyhedron has regular polygons ...
cells, with an isosceles-trapezoidal
pyramid A pyramid () is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be of any polygon shape, such as trian ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Omnitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The omnitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, t0,1,2,3, has truncated trihexagonal tiling and
dodecagonal prism In geometry, the dodecagonal prism is the tenth in an infinite set of prisms, formed by square sides and two regular dodecagon caps. If faces are all regular, it is a uniform polyhedron In geometry, a uniform polyhedron has regular polygons ...
cells, with a
phyllic disphenoid In geometry, a tetrahedron (: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertices. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Alternated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The alternated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is a lower-symmetry construction of the regular triangular tiling honeycomb, ↔ . It contains
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
facets in a
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Cantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The cantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is a lower-symmetry construction of the
rectified triangular tiling honeycomb Rectification has the following technical meanings: Mathematics * Rectification (geometry), truncating a polytope by marking the midpoints of all its edges, and cutting off its vertices at those points * Rectifiable curve, in mathematics * Recti ...
, ↔ , with
trihexagonal tiling In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. See in particular Theorem 2.1.3, p. 59 (classification of uniform tilings); Figure 2.1.5, p.63 (illustration of this tiling), Theorem 2 ...
and
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
facets in a
triangular prism In geometry, a triangular prism or trigonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with 2 triangular bases. If the edges pair with each triangle's vertex and if they are perpendicular to the base, it is a ''right triangular prism''. A right triangul ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Runcic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The runcic hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h3, , or , has
hexagonal tiling In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a Truncation (geometry), truncated triangular tiling ...
,
rhombitrihexagonal tiling In geometry, the rhombitrihexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are one triangle, two squares, and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of rr. John Conway calls it a rhombihexadeltille.Conway, 200 ...
,
triangular tiling In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilater ...
, and
triangular prism In geometry, a triangular prism or trigonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with 2 triangular bases. If the edges pair with each triangle's vertex and if they are perpendicular to the base, it is a ''right triangular prism''. A right triangul ...
facets, with a
triangular cupola In geometry, the triangular cupola is the cupola with hexagon as its base and triangle as its top. If the edges are equal in length, the triangular cupola is the Johnson solid. It can be seen as half a cuboctahedron. The triangular cupola can b ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


Runicantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb

The runcicantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h2,3, , or , contains truncated trihexagonal tiling,
truncated hexagonal tiling In geometry, the truncated hexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are 2 dodecagons (12-sides) and one triangle on each vertex (geometry), vertex. As the name implies this tiling is constructed by a Truncation (geom ...
,
trihexagonal tiling In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. See in particular Theorem 2.1.3, p. 59 (classification of uniform tilings); Figure 2.1.5, p.63 (illustration of this tiling), Theorem 2 ...
, and
triangular prism In geometry, a triangular prism or trigonal prism is a Prism (geometry), prism with 2 triangular bases. If the edges pair with each triangle's vertex and if they are perpendicular to the base, it is a ''right triangular prism''. A right triangul ...
facets, with a rectangular
pyramid A pyramid () is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be of any polygon shape, such as trian ...
vertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a general -polytope is sliced off. Definitions Take some corner or Vertex (geometry), vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected ed ...
.


See also

*
Convex uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space In hyperbolic geometry, a uniform honeycomb in hyperbolic space is a uniform tessellation of uniform polyhedral cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are nine Coxeter group families of compact convex uniform honeycombs, generated as W ...
* Regular tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space *
Paracompact uniform honeycomb In geometry, uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space are tessellations of convex uniform polyhedron Cell (geometry), cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are 23 Coxeter group families of Coxeter diagram#Paracompact (Koszul simplex groups) ...
s


References

*
Coxeter Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter (9 February 1907 – 31 March 2003) was a British-Canadian geometer and mathematician. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century. Coxeter was born in England and educated ...
, ''
Regular Polytopes ''Regular Polytopes'' is a geometry book on regular polytopes written by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. It was originally published by Methuen in 1947 and by Pitman Publishing in 1948, with a second edition published by Macmillan in 1963 and a th ...
'', 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296) * ''The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays'' (1999), Dover Publications, , (Chapter 10
Regular Honeycombs in Hyperbolic Space
Table III * Jeffrey R. Weeks ''The Shape of Space, 2nd edition'' {{isbn, 0-8247-0709-5 (Chapter 16-17: Geometries on Three-manifolds I,II) * Norman Johnson ''Uniform Polytopes'', Manuscript ** N.W. Johnson: ''The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs'', Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966 ** N.W. Johnson: ''Geometries and Transformations'', (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups Hexagonal tilings Regular 3-honeycombs Self-dual tilings