The Opium Law (''Opiumwet'' in

Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...

) is the section of the

Dutch law The Netherlands uses civil law. The role of case law is small in theory, although, in practice, it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without considering the relevant case law. The Dutch law system is based on the French Civil Co ...

which covers nearly all

psychotropic drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, psychoactive substance, or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that alters psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system acti ...

Origin and history

In 1912, the First International Opium Conference took place in

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

, where agreements were made about the trade in

opium Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid mor ...

; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like

morphine Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are ...

cocaine Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant, derived primarily from the leaves of two South American coca plants, ''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. novogranatense'', which are cultivated a ...

heroin Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the Opium, dried latex of the Papaver somniferum, opium poppy; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its eupho ...

barbiturates Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as ...

amphetamines Substituted amphetamines, or simply amphetamines, are a chemical class, class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative (chemistry), derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substitution reacti ...

and several decades later, benzodiazapines, which were used both medically and recreationally. Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like

cannabis ''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae that is widely accepted as being indigenous to and originating from the continent of Asia. However, the number of species is disputed, with as many as three species be ...

and

LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German ; often referred to as acid or lucy), is a semisynthetic, hallucinogenic compound derived from ergot, known for its powerful psychological effects and serotonergic activity. I ...

, and with

hashish Hashish (; ), usually abbreviated as hash, is a Compression (physics), compressed form of resin (trichomes) derived from the cannabis flowers. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, As a Psychoactive drug, psychoactive ...

being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as

hard drugs Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an in ...

), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as

soft drugs Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an in ...

). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the changes in the law. In the same year, a decision was made by the Dutch government to discontinue prosecuting cannabis and hashish offenses, provided the person did not sell hard drugs, did not advertise and carried less than a specified maximum amount of cannabis or hashish. In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffee shops, and coffee shops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffee shops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffee shops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffee shops. The terms coffee shops had to follow were: * No advertisement * No hard drugs * No entrance to coffee shops by persons under the age of 18 * No sale of more than 5 grams of cannabis products per person, per day * Coffee shops are not allowed to have more than 500 grams of cannabis in stock at any time Since 01-01-2020, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. Most of the changes in law since 1996 have been additions of new psychoactive substances,

ADB-FUBINACA ADB-FUBINACA (ADMB-FUBINACA) is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. In 2018, it was the third-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. The name ...

has been one of the latest on this list being added on 01-01-2020. New guidelines for coffee shops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.

List I drugs

The following drugs and intermediates are classified as List I drugs of the Opium Law: *

acetorphine Acetorphine is a potent opioid analgesic, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a Derivative (chemistry), derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic m ...

* acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl *

acetyldihydrocodeine Acetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates. Acetyldihydrocodeine is a very close relative deri ...

acetylmethadol Acetylmethadol, also known as methadyl acetate, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is a racemic mixture of alphacetylmethadol (α-acetylmethadol) and betacetylmethadol (β-acetylmethadol), which are in turn racemic mixtures of levacetylmetha ...

alphacetylmethadol Alphacetylmethadol (INN), or α-acetylmethadol (AAM), is a synthetic opioid analgesic. Its levorotary enantiomer, levacetylmethadol, is an FDA-approved treatment for opioid addiction; however as of 2003 it is no longer used in the United State ...

alphameprodine Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It is closely related to the drug prodine, the only difference being that meprodine has an ethyl group rather than a methyl at the 3-position of the piperidine ring ...

alphamethadol Alphamethadol (INN), or α-methadol, also known as alfametadol, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is an isomer of dimepheptanol (methadol), the other being betamethadol (β-methadol). Alphamethadol is composed of two isomers itself, L-α-metha ...

* alphamethylfentanyl * alphamethylthiofentanyl *

alphaprodine Prodine (trade names Prisilidine and Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine (meperidine). It was developed in Germany in the late 1940s. There are two isomers of the trans form of prodine, alphaprodine and betaprodine. ...

alfentanil Alfentanil, sold under the brand name Alfenta among others, is a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug used for anesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around one-fourth to one-tenth the potency, one-third the dura ...

allylprodine Allylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of prodine. It was discovered by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine. Derivatives were tested to prove the theory that phenolic and non-phenolic opioids bi ...

amphetamine Amphetamine (contracted from Alpha and beta carbon, alpha-methylphenethylamine, methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, an ...

amineptine Amineptine, formerly sold under the brand name Survector among others, is an atypical antidepressant of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) family. It acts as a selective and mixed dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent, and to a le ...

anileridine Anileridine (trade name: Leritine) is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s. It differs from pethidine (meperidine) in that the ''N''-methyl group of meperidin ...

benzethidine Benzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (''meperidine'', or ''Demerol''). Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/ Schedule I drug which is ...

benzylmorphine Benzylmorphine (Peronine) is a semi-synthetic opioid narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter. It is much like codeine, containing a benzyl group attached to the morphine mole ...

betacetylmethadol Betacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is a diastereoisomer of alphacetylmethadol (as well as levacetylmethadol). In the United States, betacetylmethadol is a Schedule I drug Narcotic under the Controlled Substances Act The Contro ...

* beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl * beta-hydroxyfentanyl *

betameprodine Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It is closely related to the drug prodine, the only difference being that meprodine has an ethyl group rather than a methyl at the 3-position of the piperidine ring ...

betamethadol Betamethadol (INN), or β-methadol, also known as betametadol, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is an isomer of dimepheptanol (methadol), the other being alphamethadol (α-methadol). Betamethadol is composed of two isomers itself, L-β-methad ...

betaprodine Prodine (trade names Prisilidine and Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine (meperidine). It was developed in Germany in the late 1940s. There are two isomers of the trans form of prodine, alphaprodine and betaprodine. ...

bezitramide Bezitramide is an opioid analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its active metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961. It is ...

* '' bolkaf'' (all parts of the papaver somniferum plant, ''after'' harvesting, excluding seeds) * brolamphetamine *

cathinone Cathinone (; also known as β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub ''Catha edulis'' (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines. It is probably the main contributor to t ...

2C-B 2C-B, also known as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine or by the slang name Nexus, is a synthetic psychedelic drug of the 2C family, mainly used as a recreational drug. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1974 for use in psychoth ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) *

2C-I 2C-I, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine, is a phenethylamine of the 2C family with psychedelic effects. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and is described in Shulgin's book ''PiHKAL'' (1991). The substance is con ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) *

2C-T-2 2C-T-2, also known as 4-ethylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a psychedelic and entactogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized in 1981 by Alexander Shulgin, and rated by him as one of the "magical half-dozen" most ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) *

2C-T-7 2C-T-7, also known as 4-propylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book '' PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story'', Alexander Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10–30 mg. 2C-T-7 is generall ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine) * clonitazene *

coca leaf Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. Coca leaves contain cocaine which acts as a mild stimulant when chewed or ...

(leaves of the plants of the species Erythroxylon) *

codeine Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''. It is typically use ...

* codoxime * concentrate of ''bolkaf'' (the material obtained by subjecting ''bolkaf'' to a treatment for the concentration of its alkaloids) *

desomorphine Desomorphine (or in some formulations known as Krokodil) is a semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia. It was first discovered and patented in Germany by a German team wo ...

dexamphetamine Dextroamphetamine ( INN: dexamfetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used illicitl ...

* dextromoramide *

dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company. It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene. It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive (cough suppressan ...

* diampromide * diethylthiambutene * DET (N,N-diethyltryptamine) * diphenoxide *

diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate is a centrally active opioid drug of the phenylpiperidine series that is used as a combination drug with atropine for the treatment of diarrhea. Diphenoxylate is an opioid and acts by slowing intestinal contractions; the atropine ...

dihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine is a semi- synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for pain or severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive, either alone or compounded with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (as in co-dydramol) or aspirin. It was developed in Germany in 190 ...

dihydroetorphine Dihydroetorphine was developed by K. W. Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s and is a potent opioid analgesic used mainly in China. It is a derivative of the better-known opioid etorphine, a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medi ...

dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan, Paramorphan) is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine. Dihydromorphine is a moderately strong a ...

dimepheptanol Dimepheptanol ( INN; Amidol, Pangerin), also known as methadol or racemethadol, is a synthetic opioid analgesic related to methadone. It has similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation and euphoria, as well as side eff ...

* dimenoxadol * DMA (2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) *

DOET 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. It is closely related to DOM and is a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline. The ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine) * DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) * dimethylthiambutene *

DMT Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (''N'',''N''-DMT), is a serotonergic hallucinogen and investigational drug of the tryptamine family that occurs naturally in many plants and animals, including humans. D ...

(N,N-dimethyltryptamine) * dioxaphetylbutyrate *

dipipanone Dipipanone, sold under the brand names of Pipadone and Diconal is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for acute pain by mouth ( PO) for adults. It is often used in instances where morphine is indicated but cannot be used due to the patient being ...

DMHP Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP) is a synthetic cannabinoid and analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis. DMHP is a pale yello ...

(1,2-dimethylheptyl-delta-3-THC) * drotebanol *

ecgonine Ecgonine (tropane derivative) is a tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, as are ...

(3-hydroxy-2-tropanecarbonic acid) *

MDEA MDEA may refer to: * Methyl diethanolamine (''N''-methyl-diethanolamine), CH3N(C2H4OH)2, a chemical used for amine gas treating, also known as gas sweetening or acid gas removal, the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from gasses in the ...

(N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) * ethylmethylthiambutene *

ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine (also known as codethyline, dionine, and ethyl morphine) is an opioid analgesic and antitussive. Side effects Adverse effects are similar to other opioids and include drowsiness, constipation, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and respirat ...

* eticyclidine *

etonitazene Etonitazene, also known as EA-4941 or CS-4640, is a List of benzimidazole opioids, benzimidazole opioid, first reported in 1957, that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the potency (pharmacology), potency of morphine in anim ...

etorphine Etorphine (M99) is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather the re ...

etoxeridine Etoxeridine (Carbetidine, Atenos) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). Etoxeridine was developed in the 1950s and investigated for use in surgical anesthesia, how ...

* etryptamine *

fentanyl Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic (pain medication). It is 30 to 50 times more Potency (pharmacology), potent than heroin and 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Its primary Medici ...

fenethylline Fenethylline (British Approved Name, BAN, United States Adopted Name, USAN) or fenetylline (International Nonproprietary Name, INN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both. It is also spelled phenethylline; ...

furethidine Furethidine is a 4-phenyl piperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine), but with around 25x higher potency. According to another source, Furethidine is 500/30 = 16.7 x the potency of ...

* GHB (4-hydroxybutyric acid) *

hemp oil Hemp oil (hemp seed oil) is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash oi ...

(concentrate of plants from the Cannabis species (hemp) obtained by extraction of hemp or hashish, if not mixed with oil) *

(

diamorphine Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the Opium, dried latex of the Papaver somniferum, opium poppy; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its eupho ...

) *

hydrocodone Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semi-synthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant. It is taken by mouth. Typically, it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone fo ...

hydromorphinol Hydromorphinol (RAM-320, 14-hydroxydihydromorphine), is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated. It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, anal ...

hydromorphone Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. It may b ...

MDOH 3,4-Methylenedioxy-''N''-hydroxyamphetamine (MDOH, MDH, N-hydroxytenamphetamine) is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the ''N''- hydroxy homologue of MDA, and the ''N''-desm ...

(N-hydroxy-methylenedioxyamphetamine) *

hydroxypethidine Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the more commonly used pethidine (meperidine). Hydroxypethidine is slightly more potent than meperidine as an analgesic, 1.5x meperidine in potency, and it also has NMDA a ...

* isomethadone *

ketobemidone Ketobemidone, sold under the brand name Ketogan (a mixture of ketobemidone and Spasmolytic A29) among others, is a powerful synthetic opioid painkiller. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA- ...

* levamphetamine * levophenacylmorphan *

levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine (International Nonproprietary Name, INN: levmetamfetamine) is an optical isomer of methamphetamine primarily used as a Topical decongestant, topical nasal decongestant. Levomethamphetamine is used to treat nasal congestion f ...

* levomethorphan * levomoramide *

levorphanol Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is the levorotatory enantiomer of the compound racemorphan. Its dextrorotatory counterpart is dextrorphan. It was first described in Ge ...

* lysergide *

mecloqualone Mecloqualone (Nubarene, Casfen) is a quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone that was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic properti ...

mescaline Mescaline, also known as mescalin or mezcalin, and in chemical terms 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a natural product, naturally occurring psychedelic drug, psychedelic alkaloid, protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, found ...

(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) *

methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug use, recreational or Performance-enhancing substance, performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a secon ...

* methamphetamine racemate * metazocine *

methadone Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid used medically to treat chronic pain and opioid use disorder. Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and opioid withdrawal sym ...

* methadone intermediate (4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane) *

methaqualone Methaqualone is a hypnotic sedative. It was sold under the brand names Quaalude ( ) and Sopor among others, which contained 300 mg of methaqualone, and sold as a combination drug under the brand name Mandrax, which contained 250 mg me ...

methcathinone Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone or ephedrone) (sometimes called "cat" or "jeff" or "catnip" or "M-Kat" or "kat" or "intash") is a monoamine alkaloid and psychoactive stimulant, a substituted cathinone. It is used as a recreational d ...

* MMDA (2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) *

4-methylaminorex 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline group that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories. It is also known by its street name "U4Euh" ("Euphoria"). It is banned in many countries as a sti ...

methyldesorphine Methyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the US in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of th ...

* methyldihydromorphine *

MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (tablet form), and molly (crystal form), is an empathogen–entactogenic drug with stimulant and minor Psychedelic drug, psychedelic properties. In studies, it has been used ...

(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) *

methylphenidate Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin ( ) and Concerta ( ) among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It may be taken Oral adm ...

3-methylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent opioids, estimated to be between 400 and 6000 times stronger than morphine, depending on which isomer is used (w ...

MPPP Desmethylprodine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP, Ro 2-0718) is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche. Desmethylprodine has been labeled by the DEA as a Schedule I drug in the Un ...

(1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate ester) *

4-MTA 4-Methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA), also known as ''para''-methylthioamphetamine (MTA), is a designer drug of the substituted amphetamine class developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols, an American pharmacologist and medical chemist, ...

(4-methylthioamphetamine) * 3-methylthiofentanyl *

metopon Metopon (5-methylhydromorphone, CAS number 124-92-5) is an opioid analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1929 as an analgesic An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, antalgic, pain reliev ...

* moramide intermediate (2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carboxylic acid) * morpheridine *

* morphine-methobromide *

morphine-N-oxide Morphine-''N''-oxide (genomorphine) is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, is 11–22 times more potent than morphine-''N''-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally. However, ...

* myrophine *

nicocodeine Nicocodeine (Lyopect, Tusscodin) is an opioid analgesic and cough suppressant, an ester of codeine closely related to dihydrocodeine and the codeine analogue of nicomorphine. It is not commonly used in most countries, but has activity similar t ...

* nicodicodine *

nicomorphine Nicomorphine (Vilan, Subellan, Gevilan, MorZet) is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, a ...

noracymethadol Noracymethadol ( INN) is a synthetic opioid analgesic related to methadone that was never marketed. In a clinical trial of postpartum patients it was reported to produce analgesia comparable to that of morphine but with less nausea, dizziness, an ...

norcodeine Norcodeine is an opiate analogue that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine. It has relatively little opioid Opioids are a class of Drug, drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the Papaver somniferum, opium pop ...

* norlevorphanol *

normethadone Normethadone (INN, BAN; brand names Ticarda, Cophylac, Dacartil, Eucopon, Mepidon, Noramidone, Normedon, and others), also known as desmethylmethadone or phenyldimazone, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive Cold medicines are a ...

normorphine Normorphine is an opiate analogue, the N-demethylated derivative of morphine, that was first described in the 1950s when a large group of N-substituted morphine analogues were characterized for activity. The compound has relatively little opioid ...

* norpipanone *

(the harvested milk, obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum) *

oxycodone Oxycodone, sold under the brand name Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended-release form) among others, is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is highly addictive and is a commonly ...

oxymorphone Oxymorphone (sold under the brand names Numorphan and Opana among others) is a highly potent opioid analgesic indicated for treatment of severe pain. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5–10 minutes; after oral administration it ...

* para-fluorofentanyl *

parahexyl Parahexyl, also known as synhexyl, is a synthetic homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which was invented in 1941 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis. Parahexyl is similar in both s ...

* PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) * PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine) *

PEPAP PEPAP (phenethylphenylacetoxypiperidine) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of desmethylprodine. It is related to the drug MPPP, with an ''N''-phenethyl group in place of the ''N''-methyl substitution and an acetate ester rather than ...

(1-fenethyl-4-fenyl-4-piperidinolacetate ester) *

pethidine Pethidine, also known as meperidine and sold under the brand name Demerol among others, is a fully synthetic opioid pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class. Synthesized in 1938 as a potential anticholinergic agent by the German chemist Ot ...

pethidine Intermediate A Pethidine intermediate A is a four-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with ...

(4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine) * pethidine Intermediate B (4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid ethylester) * pethidine Intermediate C (1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid) *

phenadoxone Phenadoxone (trade names Heptalgin, Morphidone, and Heptazone) is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class (methadone and relatives) invented in Germany by Hoechst in 1947. It is one of a handful of useful synthetic analgesics which were used ...

* phenampromide *

phenazocine Phenazocine (brand names Prinadol, Narphen) is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects. Effects of phenazocine include analgesia and euphoria, also may include dysphoria and hallucinations at ...

phencyclidine Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known in its use as a street drug as angel dust among other names, is a dissociative anesthetic mainly used recreationally for its significant mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hall ...

phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine, sold under the brand name Preludin among others, is a stimulant drug first chemical synthesis, synthesized in 1952 and originally used as an appetite suppressant, but withdrawn drug, withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to ...

* phenomorphan *

phenoperidine Phenoperidine (Operidine or Lealgin), is an opioid analgesic which is structurally related to pethidine and is used clinically as a general anesthetic. Medical use Phenoperidine is an opioid pain killer—a narcotic analgesic. Pharmacology It i ...

pholcodine Pholcodine is an opioid cough suppressant (antitussive). It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine and homocodeine. Pholcodin ...

piminodine Piminodine (Alvodine) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for obstetric analgesia an ...

* piritramide *

proheptazine Proheptazine is an opioid analgesic related to pethidine. It was invented in the 1960s. Proheptazine produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, euphoria, dizziness and nausea Nausea is a diffuse sensation of u ...

* properidine *

propiram Propiram (Algeril, Dirame, Bay 4503) is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and weak μ antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs related to other drugs such as phenampromide and diampromide. It was invented in 1963 in the Unite ...

* psilocine * psilocybine * racemethorphan * racemoramide *

racemorphan Racemorphan, or morphanol, is the racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers of 17-methylmorphinan-3-ol, each with differing pharmacology and effects: * Dextrorphan an antitussive and dissociative hallucinogen (NMDA receptor antagonist) * Lev ...

remifentanil Remifentanil, marketed under the brand name Ultiva is a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well a ...

* rolicyclidine *

secobarbital Secobarbital, sold under the brand name Seconal among others, is a short-acting barbiturate drug originally used for the treatment of insomnia. It was patented by Eli Lilly and Company in 1934 in the United States. It possesses anesthetic, antic ...

* sufentanil *

temazepam Temazepam, sold under the brand name Restoril among others, is a medication of the benzodiazepine class which is generally used to treat severe or debilitating insomnia. It is taken by mouth. Temazepam is rapidly absorbed, and significant hypn ...

^{†

A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species or languages). It is one of the mo ...} * tenamphetamine *

tenocyclidine Tenocyclidine (TCP) is a dissociative anesthetic with psychostimulant effects. It was discovered by a team at Parke-Davis in the late 1950s. Heterocyclic compounds and methods for producing the same It is similar in effects to phencyclidine (PCP) ...

tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a cannabinoid found in cannabis. It is the principal psychoactive constituent of ''Cannabis'' and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) de ...

thebacon Thebacon (INN; pronounced ), or dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, is a semisynthetic opioid that is similar to hydrocodone and is most commonly synthesised from thebaine. Thebacon was invented in Germany in 1924, four years after the first synthe ...

* thebaïne * thiofentanyl *

tilidine Tilidine, sold under the brand name Valoron among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Albania, Luxembourg, South Africa, and Switzerland for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute an ...

* TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) *

trimeperidine Trimeperidine (trade name Promedol) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in the early 1950s in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine. Trimeperidine has four structural isomers, of which two ...

* TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamfetamine) * zipeprol The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine; The mono- and di-alkylamide-, the pyrrolidine- and morpholine derivatives of

lysergic acid Lysergic acid, also known as -lysergic acid and (+)-lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of '' Argyreia nervosa'' ( Hawaiian baby woodrose), and ''Ipomo ...

, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogen groups obtained substances; Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide; The isomers and stereoisomers of tetrahydrocannabinol; The

ether In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R� ...

ester In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R). These compounds contain a distin ...

s and

enantiomer In chemistry, an enantiomer (Help:IPA/English, /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''), also known as an optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode, is one of a pair of molecular entities whi ...

s of the above mentioned substances, with exception of

dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan, sold under the brand name Robitussin among others, is a cough suppressant used in many cough and Common cold, cold medicines. In 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination dextromethorphan/bupropi ...

(INN) as enantiomer of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan; Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.

^†Formulations of 20 mg or more of temazepam are classed under List I.

List II drugs

The following drugs are classified as List II drugs of the Opium Law: * allobarbital *

alprazolam Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax among others, is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within the triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals called benzodiazepines. Alprazolam is most commonly prescribed in the ...

amobarbital Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone or sodium amytal as the soluble sodium salt) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. ...

amfepramone Amfepramone, also known as diethylpropion, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone classes that is used as an appetite suppressant. It is used in the short-term management of obesity, along with dietary and lifesty ...

aminorex Aminorex, sold under the brand names Menocil and Apiquel among others, is a weight loss (anorectic) stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In the United States, aminorex is a ...

barbital Barbital (or barbitone), sold under the brand names Veronal for the pure acid and Medinal for the sodium salt, was the first commercially available barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid (hypnotic) from 1903 until the mid-1950s. The chemical ...

benzphetamine Benzphetamine, sold under the brand name Didrex among others, is an amphetamine-type stimulant and appetite suppressant used short-term for weight loss along with a doctor-approved, reduced-calorie diet, exercise, and behavioral program. It ...

bromazepam Bromazepam, sold under many brand names, is a benzodiazepine. It is mainly an anxiolytic, anti-anxiety agent with similar side effects to diazepam. In addition to being used to treat anxiety or panic states, bromazepam may be used as a premedica ...

brotizolam Brotizolam (marketed under brand name Lendormin) is a sedative-hypnotic thienotriazolodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is co ...

buprenorphine Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. It can be used under the tongue (sublingual), in the cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous a ...

butalbital Butalbital is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) (as butalbital/acetaminophen) or aspirin, for the treatment of pain and headache. The ...

* butobarbital * camazepam *

cathine Cathine, also known as -norpseudoephedrine or as (+)-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine groups which acts as a stimulant. Along with cathinone, it is found naturally in ''Catha edulis'' (khat), and ...

chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Librium is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class. It is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other drug ...

clobazam Clobazam, sold under the brand names Frisium, Onfi and others, is a benzodiazepine class medication that was patented in 1968. Clobazam was first synthesized in 1966 and first published in 1969. Clobazam was originally marketed as an anxiosele ...

clonazepam Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used to prevent and treat anxiety disorders, seizures, bipolar mania, agitation associated with psychosis, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and ...

clorazepate Clorazepate, sold under the brand name Tranxene among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is an unusually long-lasting benzodiaz ...

clotiazepam Clotiazepam (marketed under brand name Clozan, Distensan, Trecalmo, Rize, Rizen and Veratran) is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been r ...

* cloxazolam * cyclobarbital *

delorazepam Delorazepam, also known as chlordesmethyldiazepam and nordiclazepam, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine and a derivative of desmethyldiazepam. It is marketed in Italy, where it is available under the trade name EN. Delorazepam is also an active ...

diazepam Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety disorder, anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndr ...

estazolam Estazolam, sold under the brand name Prosom among others, is a tranquilizer medication of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, s ...

* ethchlorvynol * ethinamate * ethylloflazepate *

ethylamphetamine Etilamfetamine, also known as ''N''-ethylamphetamine and formerly sold under the brand names Apetinil and Adiparthrol, is a stimulant drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family. It was invented in the early 20th century and was subse ...

* fencamfamine *

fenproporex Fenproporex (Perphoxene) (N-2-Cyanoethylamphetamine) (3-(1-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)propanenitrile) (3- 1-Methyl-2-Phenylethyl)aminoropiononitrile) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that was developed in the ...

* fludiazepam *

flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam, sold under the brand name Rohypnol among others, is a benzodiazepine used to treat severe insomnia and assist with anesthesia. As with other hypnotics, flunitrazepam has been advised to be prescribed only for short-term use or by ...

flurazepam Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with ...

glutethimide Glutethimide (brand names included Doriden, Elrodorm, and Noxyrom) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant drug of the piperidine chemical class, one of many non-barbiturate, "barbiturate-like" GABAergic medications exhibiting general calm ...

* halazepam * haloxazolam *

(a usually solid mixture of the excreted resin obtained from plants of the Cannabis species (hemp), with plant materials of these plants) *

hemp Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of ''Cannabis sativa'' cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest ...

(all parts of the plant from the Cannabis species (hemp), of which the resin has not been extracted, with exception of the seeds) *

ketazolam Ketazolam (marketed under the brand names Anseren, Ansieten, Ansietil, Marcen, Sedatival, Sedotime, Solatran and Unakalm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxa ...

lefetamine Lefetamine (Santenol) is a drug which is a stimulant and also an analgesic with effects comparable to codeine. Discovery The parent structure of lefetamine, 1,2-diphenylethylamine was first synthesized in the 1940s and showed weak analgesic ...

* loprazolam *

lorazepam Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan, Tavor among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It is used to treat anxiety (including anxiety disorders), insomnia, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcoh ...

lormetazepam Lormetazepam, sold under the brand name Noctamid among others, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative and temazepam analogue. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal ...

* mazindole * medazepam * mefenorex *

meprobamate Meprobamate—marketed as Miltown by Wallace Laboratories and Equanil by Wyeth, among others—is a carbamate derivative used as an anxiolytic drug. It was the best-selling minor tranquilizer for a time, but has largely been replaced by the benz ...

mesocarb Mesocarb, sold under the brand name Sidnocarb or Sydnocarb and known by the developmental code name MLR-1017, is a psychostimulant medication which has been used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and for a number of other indications in ...

methylphenobarbital Methylphenobarbital (INN), also known as mephobarbital (USAN, JAN) and mephobarbitone ( BAN), marketed under brand names such as Mebaral, Mephyltaletten, Phemiton, and Prominal, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative and is used primarily ...

* methyprylon *

midazolam Midazolam, sold under the brand name Versed among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia, premedication before surgical anesthesia, and procedural sedation, and to treat psychomotor agitation, severe agitation. It induces ...

nimetazepam Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name Erimin and Lavol) is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1964. It possesses powerful hypnotic, anxiolytic ...

nitrazepam Nitrazepam, sold under the brand name Mogadon among others, is a Hypnotic, hypnotic drug of the benzodiazepine class used for short-term relief from severe, disabling anxiety and insomnia. It also has sedative (calming) properties, as well as am ...

nordiazepam Nordazepam ( INN; marketed under brand names Nordaz, Stilny, Madar, Vegesan, and Calmday; also known as nordiazepam, desoxydemoxepam, and desmethyldiazepam) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has amnes ...

oxazepam Oxazepam is a short-to-intermediate-acting benzodiazepine. Oxazepam is used for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and to control symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is a metabolite of diazepam, prazepam, and temazepam, and has moderate ...

* oxazolam *

pemoline Pemoline, formerly sold under the brand name Cylert among others, is a stimulant medication which was used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy,- it has since been discontinued in most countries due ...

pentazocine Pentazocine, sold under the brand name Talwin among others, is an analgesic medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is believed to work by activating (agonizing) κ-opioid receptors (KOR) and μ-opioid receptors (MOR). As such it i ...

pentobarbital Pentobarbital (US) or pentobarbitone (British and Australian) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but ...

phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine, sold under the brand name Bontril among others, is a stimulant medication of the morpholine chemical class used as an appetite suppressant. Pharmacology Phendimetrazine functions as a prodrug of phenmetrazine; approxim ...

phenobarbital Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, sold under the brand name Luminal among others, is a medication of the barbiturate type. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of certain types of ...

phentermine Phentermine, sold under the brand name Adipex-P among others, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity. It is available by itself or as the combination phentermine/topiramate. Phentermine is taken by mouth. Com ...

* pinazepam *

pipradrol Pipradrol, also known by its brand name Meratran, is a mild central nervous system stimulant that acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Developed in the United States in the 1940s and patented in 1953, pipradrol was initially m ...

prazepam Prazepam is a benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially known as "benzos", are a class of central nervous system (CNS) depressant, depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diaz ...

pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain an ...

* secbutabarbital *

(formulations containing less than 20 mg) *

tetrazepam Tetrazepam (brand names Clinoxan, Epsipam, Myolastan, Musaril, Relaxam and Spasmorelax) is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and slightly hypnotic properties. It was formerly used mainly in Austria, Fra ...

triazolam Triazolam, sold under the brand name Halcion among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. It possesses pharmacological properti ...

* vinylbital *

zolpidem Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and after beh ...

Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances, with exception of hemp oil.

Medical use

Even though List I substances are officially classified as hard drugs, several of them are often prescribed by licensed

doctors Doctor, Doctors, The Doctor or The Doctors may refer to: Titles and occupations * Physician, a medical practitioner * Doctor (title), an academic title for the holder of a doctoral-level degree ** Doctorate ** List of doctoral degrees awarded b ...

. For example, nearly all

opioids Opioids are a class of Drug, drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the Papaver somniferum, opium poppy plant. Opioids work on opioid receptors in the brain and other organs to produce a variety of morphine-like effects, ...

are List I drugs, but they are commonly prescribed to cancer and HIV patients, as well as sufferers of chronic pain. Two

stimulants Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognitio ...

which are both prescribed for ADD/

ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple ...

and

narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. The symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-r ...

;

and

, are also List I drugs of the Opium Law. On the other hand, all barbiturates except for secobarbital are List II drugs, while none of them, except for phenobarbital, are prescribed today. In theory, a licensed doctor could prescribe any substance they think is needed for the correct treatment of their

patient A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by Health professional, healthcare professionals. The patient is most often Disease, ill or Major trauma, injured and in need of therapy, treatment by a physician, nurse, op ...

, both List I and List II substances of the Opium Law, though substances which aren't available as commercial

pharmaceutical Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the ...

preparations have to be custom prepared by the designated

pharmacy Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medication, medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it ...

. All prescriptions for List I and some List II substances (

, cyclobarbital,

, hemp,

and

) of the Opium Law have to be written in full in letters, and have to contain the name and initials, address, city and telephone number of the licensed prescriber issuing the prescriptions, as well as the name and initials, address and city of the person the prescription is issued to. If the prescription is issued for an animal, the data of the owner should be used instead, and a description of the animal has to be included on the prescription.

References

External links

*{{in lang, nl}
Opiumwet
on the official website of the Dutch government Dutch legislation Drug control law Drug policy of the Netherlands Health law in the Netherlands