Operational Group Of Russian Forces
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The Operational Group of Russian Forces in Transnistria (OGRF; , ; , ) is a sizable overseas military
task force A task force (TF) is a unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity. Originally introduced by the United States Navy, the term has now caught on for general usage and is a standard part of NATO terminology. Many ...
of the
Russian Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. They are organized into three service branches—the Russian Ground Forces, Ground Forces, Russian Navy, Navy, and Russi ...
. It serves as part of the tri-lateral Joint Control Commission (JCC) in the region with around 350 soldiers provided to the JCC. 1,500 soldiers of the military force are based at the former decommissioned
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
-era
ammunition depot Supply depots are a type of military installation used by militaries to store battlefield supplies temporarily on or near the front lines until they can be distributed to military units. Supply depots are responsible for nearly all other types of ...
at
Cobasna Cobasna (Moldovan Cyrillic: Кобасна; , ''Kovbasna''; , ''Kolbasnaya'') is a commune in northern Transnistria, Moldova that is composed of three villages: Cobasna, Cobasna station, and Suhaia Rîbnița. It is controlled by the self-proclaim ...
, where it guards around 22,000 tons of military equipment and ammunition. The core of the OGRF consists of 70 to 100 Russian officers, with the rest being Transnistrian locals employed as soldiers. Troops of the OGRF are rotated once every six months.


History


14th Army background and Transnistria War

The
Soviet Army The Soviet Ground Forces () was the land warfare service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1946 to 1992. It was preceded by the Red Army. After the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991, the Ground Forces remained under th ...
's
14th Guards Army The 14th Guards Combined Arms Army () was a field army of the Red Army, the Soviet Ground Forces, and the Russian Ground Forces, active from 1956 to 1995. By the 1990s, according to sources within the 14th Army, the majority of its troops came fro ...
() was formed in November 1956 in
Chișinău Chișinău ( , , ; formerly known as Kishinev) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Moldova, largest city of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the coun ...
as one of the only formation of the
Odessa Military District The Odessa Military District (; , abbreviated ) was a military administrative division of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. This district consisted of Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavia and five Oblasts of Ukraine, Ukrainian oblasts of Odesa ...
to be stationed in the
Moldovan SSR The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Moldavian SSR (, mo-Cyrl, Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ), also known as the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan SSR, Soviet Moldavia, Sovie ...
. The army headquarters was moved to
Tiraspol Tiraspol (, ; also /; , ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third-largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of cul ...
, the capital of
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR), also commonly known as Soviet Transnistria or simply as Transnistria, was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) in 1990 by pro-Soviet s ...
in the early 1980s. At the start of the
Transnistrian War The Transnistria War (; ) was an armed conflict that broke out on 2 November 1990 in Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, PMR) forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and neo-Cossack unit ...
, soldiers of the 14th Guards Army who were sympathetic to the PMR cause "defected" with total military structure and commanding system, and remained under Moscow command, and, with some assistance of the Transnistrian Republican Guard, created the strongest local military force, despite the
Russian government The Russian Government () or fully titled the Government of the Russian Federation () is the highest federal executive governmental body of the Russian Federation. It is accountable to the president of the Russian Federation and controlled by ...
's official declaration of neutrality. On 23 June 1992, Major General
Alexander Lebed Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Lebed (; 20 April 1950 – 28 April 2002) was a Soviet and Russian military officer and politician who held senior positions in the Airborne Forces before running for president in the 1996 Russian preside ...
of the 14th Guards Army, who had orders to evacuate the local
logistics center A logistics center, or depot, is a facility dedicated to logistical operations. A logistics center might be a warehouse, freight forwarder, or a repair depot. The United States Air Force (USAF) is serviced by three air logistics centers (also know ...
, began an over two week battle which ended in an artillery strike on 3 July 1992 on a Moldovan unit in a forest near Bender (Tighina). It is generally accepted that this strike led to the strategic victory of the Transnistrian/Russian military and the tactical setbacks of the
military of Moldova The Armed Forces of the Moldova, Republic of Moldova () consist of the Moldovan National Army, National Army (which is divided into the Moldovan Ground Forces, Land Forces Command and the Moldovan Air Force, Air Forces Command) and the Trupele de ...
, creating a Moscow-controlled occupational zone, and a Moldovan government had lost control over a part of Moldova.


OGRF establishment

After the war, the 14th Army was split between the
Ukrainian Armed Forces The Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) are the Military, military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the president of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rad ...
and the Russian Army, with most of the Russian contingent being absorbed into
Western Military District The Western Military District () was a Military districts of Russia, military district of Russia, in existence from 2010 until its abolishment as a unitary military command on February 26, 2024, succeeded by the newly reconstituted Moscow Mil ...
. The conclusion of the conflict in a
cease-fire A ceasefire (also known as a truce), also spelled cease-fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may b ...
resulted in the beginning of trilateral negotiations between the governments and militaries of
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
,
Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...
and
Moldova Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with an area of and population of 2.42 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. ...
, which eventually led to the discussion of a joint peacekeeping force. In June 1995, the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Transnistria was founded by order of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. In 2005, the force consisted of the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, the 1162nd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, 15th Signals Regiment, as well as other support units.


The OGRF today

The OGRF ostensibly remains in Transnistria to guard the ammunition depot at
Cobasna Cobasna (Moldovan Cyrillic: Кобасна; , ''Kovbasna''; , ''Kolbasnaya'') is a commune in northern Transnistria, Moldova that is composed of three villages: Cobasna, Cobasna station, and Suhaia Rîbnița. It is controlled by the self-proclaim ...
. It also provides additional support to the
Armed Forces of Transnistria The Armed Forces of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic; ; are the military forces of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed and internationally International recognition of Transnistria, unrecognized breakaway state located within the internationa ...
. Today, around 350–400 troops with the operational force report directly to the JCC and can be assigned to it at any given time. The task force provides the largest contingent of soldiers in the region. On 27 June 2016, the Transnistrian government passed new law which penalized any actions or public statements that criticize the OGRF. The punishment for committing this crime is 3–7 years in jail. In recent years, the OGRF has taken part in
Victory Day Parades Victory Day (9 May), Victory Day parades () are common military parades that are held on 9 May in some Post-Soviet states, post-Soviet nations, primarily Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. They are usually held to honor the traditional Vic ...
on Suvorov Square, to condemnation from Chisinau.


Calls for withdraw and UN resolution

Since its introduction, the OGRF has been met with criticism from both Moldovan and Western officials and observers, all of whom claim that the Russian military presence is either illegal or unnecessary. In November 2008, the
NATO Parliamentary Assembly The NATO Parliamentary Assembly serves as the consultative interparliamentary organisation for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It consists of delegates from the parliaments of the 32 NATO member countries as well as from associate ...
adopted a resolution, urging Russia to withdraw the force in accordance with its commitments at the 1999 Istanbul summit of the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, the p ...
. In June 2018,
United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; , AGNU or AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. Currently in its Seventy-ninth session of th ...
adopted resolution (document A/72/L.58), which essentially called on the
Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
to withdraw the OGRF from Moldovan territory immediately. While the Moldovan government led by
Pavel Filip Pavel Filip (born 10 April 1966) is a Moldova, Moldovan politician. In 2001–2008 he was the director of the Joint-stock company "Bucuria" and in 2008–2011, general manager of Tutun-CTC joint stock company. He was then Ministry of Informatio ...
supported it, President
Igor Dodon Igor Dodon (; born 18 February 1975) is a Moldovan politician who served as the 5th president of Moldova from 2016 to 2020. He currently serves as the leader of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova since 2024. He served as Ministry ...
condemned the resolution, saying that the Russian presence led to the "creation of conditions for a political process of negotiations". In 2020, Moldovan president-elect
Maia Sandu Maia Sandu (; born 24 May 1972) is a Moldovan politician who is serving as the sixth president of Moldova since 2020. She is the founder and former leader of the Party of Action and Solidarity and was Prime Minister of Moldova, prime minister o ...
declared that OGRF should withdraw from the breakaway
Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...
, saying to the RBK that although they guard ammunition depots, "there are no bilateral agreements on the OGRF and on the weapons depots.” She also stated that its her position that the "mission should be transformed into an OSCE civilian observer mission.” In 2022, as the
Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...
was taking place, the
Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine The Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine (), also known in English as the Defense Intelligence of Ukraine (DIU), is the military intelligence service of the Ukrainian government. It is an agency of the Minist ...
reported that residents in Transnistria were refusing to sign contracts with the Operational Group of Russian Forces despite being promised "high cash payments, social packages, and likely housing". The report also said that there were being several cases of desertion in the military unit and that there were not enough necessary resources to search for and recover soldiers. In 2022, Moldova continued blocking the rotation of soldiers with Russia and stopping new weapons being brought in, saying the soldiers are there illegally. Previously Russians had entered Transnistria via Ukraine, this issue affects the 70-100 Russian officers.


Structure (as of 2015)

* Group headquarters * 82nd Separate Guards Motorized Rifle Battalion ** Battalion HQ ** 4 Motorized Rifle Companies ** Headquarters platoon **
Grenadier A grenadier ( , ; derived from the word ''grenade'') was historically an assault-specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in siege operation battles. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when ...
Platoon ** Technical Support Platoon ** Material Support Platoon ** Medical Platoon * 113th Separate Guards Motorized Rifle Battalion ** Battalion HQ ** 4 Motorized Rifle Companies ** Headquarters platoon **
Grenadier A grenadier ( , ; derived from the word ''grenade'') was historically an assault-specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in siege operation battles. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when ...
Platoon ** Technical Support Platoon ** Material Support Platoon ** Medical Platoon * 540th Separate Command Battalion ** Battalion HQ ** Guard Company *** Company headquarters *** 4 guard platoons *** Counterintelligence Department of the FSB ** Communication Center ** Field Mail Station ** Engineering Platoon ** Storage Department ** Maintenance Company (equipped with MTO-AT-M1)In the Operational Group of Russian Troops in Pridnestrovie, a lesson was held with specialists from the repair company. Russian MOD
/ref> ** Material Support Company ** Fuel depot **
Military band A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind instrument, wind and percussion instruments. The conducting, conductor of a ...
** Firing range


Commanders of the OGRF

The following generals commanded the unit: * Lieutenant General Valery Evnevich (November 1995–16 January 2002) * Major General Boris Sergeev (16 January 2002 – 11 September 2009) * Colonel Vyacheslav Sitchikhin (11 September 2009 – 2010) * Colonel Sergey Nyrkov (2010–2011) * Colonel Valery Plohotnyuk (1 December 2011 – 15 March 2013) * Colonel Sergey Goryachev (15 March 2013 – 25 December 2014) * Colonel Dmitry Zelenkov (25 December 2014–present)


See also

* List of Russian military bases abroad *
Russian military presence in Transnistria The Russian Federation maintains an unknown number of soldiers in Transnistria, an List of states with limited recognition, unrecognized breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova. This Russian military presence dates back to ...
*
59th Guards Motor Rifle Division The 59th Guards Kramatorsk Order of Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Motor-Rifle Division of the Soviet Union's Red Army was initially formed near Krasnodar in March 1942 as the 197th Rifle Division (2nd formation). On t ...


References


External links

{{Transnistria conflict Army units and formations of Russia Military installations of Russia in other countries Military units and formations established in 1995 Military of Transnistria Moldova–Russia relations