Operation Trident (1971)

Operation Trident was an offensive operation launched by the Indian Navy on Pakistan's port city of Karachi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Operation Trident saw the first use of anti-ship missiles in combat in the region. The operation was conducted on the night of 4–5 December and inflicted heavy damage on Pakistani vessels and facilities. While India suffered no losses, Pakistan lost a minesweeper, a destroyer, a cargo vessel carrying ammunition, and fuel storage tanks in Karachi. Another destroyer was also badly damaged and eventually scrapped. India celebrates its Navy Day annually on 4 December to mark this operation. Trident was followed up by Operation Python three days later.

Background

In 1971, the Port of Karachi housed the headquarters of the Pakistan Navy, and almost its entire fleet was based in Karachi Harbour. Since Karachi was also the hub of Pakistan's maritime trade, a blockade would be disastrous for Pakistan's economy. The security of Karachi Harbour was predominant to the Pakistani High Command, and it was heavily defended against any air or naval strikes. The strike aircraft based at airfields in the area secured the port's airspace.

Towards the end of 1971, there were rising tensions between India and Pakistan, and after Pakistan declared a national emergency on 23 November, the Indian Navy deployed three s in the vicinity of Okha, near Karachi, to carry out patrols. As the Pakistani fleet would also operate in the same waters, the Indian Navy set a demarcation line that ships in their fleet would not cross. Later, this deployment proved useful for gaining experience in the region's waters. On 3 December, after Pakistan attacked Indian airfields along the border, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 officially began.

While Operation Trident was primarily a naval strike, the Indian Air Force also conducted critical bombing raids on Karachi harbour facilities, oil tanks, and infrastructure. These joint efforts significantly impaired Pakistan’s maritime logistics. The humour-laced term "Karachi Halwa" was later coined informally to describe the destructive sweet mix they delivered over Karachi.

Operation

Prelude

The Indian Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in Delhi, along with the Western Naval Command, planned to attack the Port of Karachi. A strike group under Western Naval Command was formed for this mission. This strike group was to be based around the three ''Vidyut''-class missile boats already deployed off the coast of Okha. However, these boats had limited operational and radar range, and to overcome this difficulty, it was decided to assign support vessels to the group.

On 4 December, what was now designated as the Karachi Strike Group was formed and consisted of the three ''Vidyut''-class missile boats: , INS ''Nirghat'' and , each armed with four Soviet-made SS-N-2B Styx surface-to-surface missiles with a range of , two anti-submarine corvettes: and , and a fleet tanker, INS ''Poshak''. The group was under the command of Commander Babru Bhan Yadav, the commanding officer of the 25th Missile Boat Squadron.

Attack

As planned, on 4 December, the strike group reached (nmi) south off the coast of Karachi and maintained its position during the day, outside the surveillance range of the Pakistan Air Force. As Pakistani aircraft did not possess night-bombing capabilities, it was planned that the attack would take place between dusk and dawn. At 10.30 pm Pakistan Standard Time (PKT), the Indian task group moved from its position towards the south of Karachi. Soon, Pakistani targets, identified as warships, were detected to the northwest and northeast of the Indian warships.

INS ''Nirghat'' sailed forward in a northwesterly direction and fired its first Styx missile at , a Pakistani . ''Khaibar'', assuming it was a missile from Indian aircraft, engaged its anti-aircraft systems. The missile hit the right side of the ship, exploding below the galley in the electrician's mess deck at 10.45 pm (PKT). This led to an explosion in the first boiler room. Subsequently, the ship lost propulsion and was flooded with smoke. An emergency signal that read: "Enemy aircraft attacked in position 020 FF 20. No. 1 boiler hit. Ship stopped", was sent to Pakistan Naval Headquarters (PNHQ). Due to the chaos created by the explosion, the signal contained the wrong coordinates of the ship's position. This delayed rescue teams from reaching its location. Observing that the ship was still afloat, ''Nirghat'' fired its second missile, hitting ''Khaibar'' in the second boiler room on the ship's starboard side, eventually sinking the ship and killing 222 sailors.

After verifying two targets in the area northwest of Karachi, at 11.00 pm (PKT), INS ''Nipat'' fired two Styx missiles – one each at cargo vessel MV ''Venus Challenger'' and its escort , a destroyer. ''Venus Challenger'', carrying ammunition for the Pakistani forces, exploded immediately after the missile hit and eventually sank south of Karachi. The other missile targeted ''Shah Jahan'' and damaged the ship very badly. At 11.20 pm (PKT), , an , was targeted by INS ''Veer''. A missile was fired, and ''Muhafiz'' was struck on the left side, behind the bridge. It sank immediately before it could send a signal to the PNHQ, killing 33 sailors.

Meanwhile, INS ''Nipat'' continued towards Karachi and targeted the Kemari oil storage tanks, placing itself south of the Karachi Harbour. Two missiles were launched; one misfired, but the other hit the oil tanks, which burned and were destroyed completely, causing a Pakistani fuel shortage. The task force returned to the nearest Indian ports.

Soon, the PNHQ deployed rescue teams on patrol vessels to recover the survivors of ''Khaibar''. As ''Muhafiz'' sank before it could transmit a distress call, the Pakistanis only learned of its fate from its few survivors who were recovered when a patrol vessel steered towards the ship's burning flotsam.

Aftermath

The Pakistan Air Force retaliated for these attacks by bombing Okha Port, scoring direct hits on fuelling facilities for missile boats, an ammunition dump, and the missile boats' jetty. The Indian Navy anticipated this attack and had already moved the missile boats to other locations to prevent any losses. However, the destruction of a special fuel tank prevented further incursions until Operation Python, executed three days later.

As a result of the operation, the Pakistan Armed Forces were put on high alert. The deployments raised several false alarms in the ensuing days about the presence of Indian Navy vessels off Karachi. One such false alarm was raised by a Pakistan Navy Fokker Friendship reconnaissance aircraft on 6 December 1971, which incorrectly reported a frigate of the Pakistan Navy as an Indian Navy missile boat. The PNHQ requested a Pakistan Air Force air strike on the supposed Indian ship. At 06.45 am (PKT), fighter jets were scrambled and strafed the vessel before it was identified as the frigate . This friendly fire incident resulted in casualties and damage to the vessel.

With no casualties on the Indian side, this operation was a great success. To mark its victory, the Indian Navy annually celebrates Navy Day on 4 December.

Awards

Several Indian Navy personnel were honoured with gallantry awards for the operation. Then Fleet Operations Officer, Captain (later Vice Admiral) Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani, was awarded the ''Nau Sena'' Medal for the detailed operational planning; the '' Maha Vir Chakra'' was awarded to the strike group commander, Cdr Babru Bhan Yadav, for planning and leading the task force; and '' Vir Chakras'' were awarded to Lieutenant Commanders Bahadur Nariman Kavina, Inderjit Sharma, M O Thomachan and Om Prakash Mehta, the commanding officers of INS ''Nipat'', INS ''Nirghat'', and INS ''Veer'' respectively. Master Chief M. N. Sangal of INS ''Nirghat'' was also awarded the ''Vir Chakra''. Lieutenant Phool Kumar Puri, Engineering Officer INS Veer, was awarded the Nau Sena Medal for his efforts in the 1971 war.

See also

*
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
* Operation Searchlight
* Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
* Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
* List of ships sunk by missiles

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trident 1971
Military operations of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Naval battles of Indo-Pakistani wars
20th century in Karachi
Military history of Karachi
Port of Karachi