Operation Dwarka

Operation Dwarka was a naval operation by the Pakistan Navy to attack the Indian coastal town of Dwarka on 7 and 8 September 1965. This instance was the first engagement by the Pakistan Navy in any of the Indo-Pakistan wars.

As the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, the armies and air forces of both nations were involved in intense fighting in the regions of Punjab and Kashmir. To relieve pressure on the southern front, Pakistan decided to send its navy to launch a strike on the Indian coast. The primary objective of the attack ostensibly was to destroy the radar station at Dwarka which was believed by Pakistani naval intelligence to have a Huff-Duff beacon to guide Indian bombers. Pakistani high command also hoped to divert the operations of the Indian Air Force away from the north.

Objectives

The mission objectives of the Pakistan Navy were:
* To draw heavy enemy units out of Mumbai for the submarine to attack.
* To destroy the radar installation at Dwarka.
* To lower Indian morale.
* To divert the Indian Air Force's efforts away from the North.
Many Pakistani sources describe the operation as at least partially successful, while many Indian ones dispute this.

Operation

On the night of 7 September, the Pakistan Navy launched its assault on Western Indian shores. Dwarka was chosen for its proximity from the Karachi Port, its relatively weak defences and historical political prominence. The plan called for a fleet of seven naval vessels to shell the town of Dwarka. The attack was aimed at luring the heavy ships anchored in Mumbai into attacking the Pakistani ships to enable the submarine PNS ''Ghazi'' lurking in the Arabian Sea to engage and sink the Indian ships. Accordingly, a fleet of seven ships comprising , , , PNS ''Jahangir'', , and PNS ''Tippu Sultan'' set sail for Dwarka and bombarded the town. The bombardment continued past midnight.

The Indian warships harbored in Mumbai were under refit and were unable to sortie, nor did ''Ghazi'' encounter active combatants on the West coast.Hiranandani (2000), pp 34–35. ''"FOCIF sailed with his flagship, INS Mysore, and three escorts out of Bombay Harbour and remained on station without encountering any Pakistani naval vessels till 8 September when the ''Talwar'', returning from Okha, joined her."'' According to Pakistani sources, the objective of diverting the Indian Air Force from attacking Pakistan's southern front worked as air raids on the city of Karachi ceased. This was presumed to be due also to the lack of availability of the radar guidance, which Pakistan claimed was damaged in the attack.

The Indian Navy's official version of events is that, around 23:55 hours, the Pakistani vessels fired on Dwarka for more than 20 minutes. The ships fired around 50 shells each, which included 5.25 inch rounds fired by the Pakistani cruiser PNS ''Babur''. The report adds that most shells fell between the temple and the railway station, which lay from the lighthouse. Some buildings were hit, with the Railway Guest House suffering significant damage along with a cement factory. Smoke from the damage was visible to the Pakistani warships, approximately away.

The radar installation was shelled during the bombardment but neither was the radar damaged nor were there any casualties according to Indian sources.Hiranandani (2000), pp 34–35. The frigate INS ''Talwar'' was in nearby Okha Port undergoing repairs and did not intervene. Hiranandani's history of the Indian Navy states that:

A total of 40 unexploded shells were also recovered intact. The shells bore the mark "INDIAN ORDNANCE"; these were dated from the 1940s before the Partition of India into India and Pakistan.

Radio Pakistan, however, transmitted that Dwarka was badly damaged.

Naval command

The following is the list of commanding officers of the operation:
*Commodore S.M. Anwar, OTC – Officer Commanding of Operation Dwarka and the Commander of the Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK)
*Captain MAK Lodhi – Commanding Officer of PNS Babur, the light cruiser.
*Captain A Hanif – Commanding Officer of PNS Khaibar, the destroyer.
*Commander IH Malik – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Badr'', the frigate.
*Commander KM Hussain – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Jahangir'', the destroyer.
*Commander Iqbal F. Quadir – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Alamgir'', the destroyer.
*Commander SZ Shamsie – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Shah Jahan'', the destroyer.
*Commander Amir Aslam – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Tippu Sultan'', the destroyer.
*Commander Karamat Rahman Niazi – Commanding Officer of PNS ''Ghazi'', the submarine.
*Commander Muhammad Ismail – Commander Signals, PNS ''Tippu Sultan'', the destroyer.

Aftermath

For some, Operation Dwarka was a significant naval operation of the 1965 war, but others considered it a nuisance raid or of little strategic value. The Indian Ministry of Defence had issued written instructions which ordered the Indian Navy "not to proceed two hundred miles beyond Mumbai nor North of the parallel of Porbandar". The authors were the Defence Minister of India and his Private Secretary from 1962-65 (see pg xiii). The lack of response by the Indian Navy to the attack on Dwarka led to questions being asked in the Parliament of India and a challenge to be answered by others.Sardar FS Lodi
An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan
/ref> The Chief of the Naval Staff, Vice Admiral B.S. Soman was restrained from retaliation for the Dwarka raid by the Defence Minister. Of the Indian Navy's 23 ships, ten were under refit in Mumbai, including the INS ''Vikrant'', the light cruiser INS ''Delhi'', three destroyers and two frigates. An Indian source explained this by saying that the Indian government did not want to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan, but wished to restrict the war to a land-based conflict. The failure of to retaliate, then undergoing repairs to her condensers in Okha,Hiranandani (2000), pg 34. ''"Talwar encountering contamination of her boilers due to leakage of her condensors put in at Okha for temporary repairs."'' has been lamented by Indian Vice Admiral N. Krishnan who said that no government would blame a warship going into action, if attacked.Roy (1995), pp 84–85.'' 'As Vice Admiral N. Krishnan is supposed to have said. "One of our frigates Talwar was at Okha. It is unfortunate that she could not sail forth and seek battle. Even if there was a mandate against the Navy participating in the war, no Government could blame a warship going into action, if attacked. An affront to our national honour is no joke and we cannot laugh it away by saying 'All the Pakistani's did was to kill a cow'. Let us at least create a memorial to the 'unknown cow' who died with her boots on in a battle against the Pakistan Navy."' '' PNS ''Ghazi'' continued to patrol Kachchh and Mumbai coasts spotting aircraft positions when snorkeling.Roy (1995), pp 83–85.

The Dwarka raid is considered by Pakistani sources as being a prime reason for the Indian Navy's subsequent post-war modernization and expansion, with an increase in budget from to . The Dwarka raid, as per an Indian historian G. M Hiranandani, led to the procurement of missile boats by the Indian Navy from the Soviet Union for the Defense of Kutch. These were subsequently used by India in Operation Trident in the 1971 war. However, he attributes the expansion of the Indian Navy in the period 1965 to 1975 to the post-1962 planned expansion of the Indian Navy with many ships being negotiated and purchased from the Soviet Union prior to the war.

Popular culture

In 1998, Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) financed and produced the historical dramatization film of the operation named, ''Operation Dwarka, 1965'', which was based on this incident. The film was directed by Pakistani film director Qasim Jalali and it was written by Hameed Kashmiri.

See also

* Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
*Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
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Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwarka 1965
Military operations of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
September 1965 in Asia
1960s in Gujarat
Operation
Jamnagar district
Naval battles of Indo-Pakistani wars