particle physics Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of Elementary particle, fundamental particles and fundamental interaction, forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the s ...

, the odderon corresponds to an elusive family of odd-gluon states, dominated by a three-gluon state. When

proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , Hydron (chemistry), H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately times the mass of an e ...

s collide elastically with other protons or with anti-protons at high energies,

gluon A gluon ( ) is a type of Massless particle, massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a Spin (physi ...

s are exchanged. Exchanging an even number of

s is a crossing-even part of

elastic Elastic is a word often used to describe or identify certain types of elastomer, Elastic (notion), elastic used in garments or stretch fabric, stretchable fabrics. Elastic may also refer to: Alternative name * Rubber band, ring-shaped band of rub ...

proton–proton and proton–antiproton

scattering In physics, scattering is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiat ...

, while odderon exchange (i.e. exchange of odd number of gluons) corresponds to a crossing-odd term in the elastic

scattering amplitude In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process. Formulation Scattering in quantum mechanics begins with a p ...

. In turn, the odderon's crossing-odd counterpart is the

pomeron In physics, the pomeron is a Regge trajectory — a family of particles with increasing spin — postulated in 1961 to explain the slowly rising cross section of hadronic collisions at high energies. It is named after Isaak Pomeranchuk. Overv ...

. It took about 48 years to find a definite signal of odderon exchange.

Description

elastic collision In physics, an elastic collision occurs between two physical objects in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. In an ideal, perfectly elastic collision, there is no net loss of kinetic energy into other forms such a ...

s, the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved. Thus the identity of the scattered particles is not modified, no

excited state In quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Add ...

s and/or new particles are produced. The

kinematics In physics, kinematics studies the geometrical aspects of motion of physical objects independent of forces that set them in motion. Constrained motion such as linked machine parts are also described as kinematics. Kinematics is concerned with s ...

of these

collision In physics, a collision is any event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other in a relatively short time. Although the most common use of the word ''collision'' refers to incidents in which two or more objects collide with great for ...

s is governed by the conservation of both

energy Energy () is the physical quantity, quantitative physical property, property that is transferred to a physical body, body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of Work (thermodynamics), work and in the form of heat and l ...

and

momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. ...

. Data on high-energy elastic proton–proton collisions provided by the

TOTEM A totem (from or ''doodem'') is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage (anthropology), lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system. While the word ...

Collaboration in a teraelectronvolt energy range, together with data from the

DØ experiment The DØ experiment (sometimes written D0 experiment, or DZero experiment) was a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. DØ was one of two major experiments (the other was the CDF experim ...

on elastic proton–antiproton collisions at the

Tevatron The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator (active until 2011) in the United States, at the Fermilab, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (called ''Fermilab''), east of Batavia, Illinois, and was the highest energy particle collider unt ...

collider were key ingredients in the discovery of the odderon-exchange. The observed characteristics of the proton–proton collisions did not match the characteristics of the proton–antiproton collisions. As a result, there is an interaction-mediating family of particles (

Regge trajectory In quantum physics, Regge theory ( , ) is the study of the analytic properties of scattering as a function of angular momentum, where the angular momentum is not restricted to be an integer multiple of '' ħ'' but is allowed to take any complex val ...

) that can result in such a deviation in the range of

strong interaction In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interaction, fundamental interactions. It confines Quark, quarks into proton, protons, n ...

Discovery

The first paper on the

theoretical A theory is a systematic and rational form of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the conclusions derived from such thinking. It involves contemplative and logical reasoning, often supported by processes such as observation, experimentation, ...

prediction A prediction (Latin ''præ-'', "before," and ''dictum'', "something said") or forecast is a statement about a future event or about future data. Predictions are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge of forecasters. There ...

of possible odderon exchange was

published Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

in 1973 by

Basarab Nicolescu Basarab Nicolescu (born March 25, 1942, Ploieşti, Romania) is an honorary theoretical physicist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, Université Pierre et Marie ...

and Leszek Łukaszuk. The odderon name was coined in 1975 in a paper from the same group (Joynson, D.; Leader, E.; Nicolescu, B. and Lopez, C.) In December 2020, the DØ and TOTEM Collaborations made public their CERN and Fermilab approved preprint later published in Physical Review Letters in August 2021. The DØ and TOTEM extrapolated TOTEM proton–proton data in the region of the diffractive minimum and maximum from 13, 8, 7 and 2.76 TeV to 1.96 TeV and compared this to DØ proton–antiproton measurement at 1.96 TeV in the same t-range finding an odderon significance of 3.4 ''σ''. TOTEM observed an independent odderon signal at low four-momentum transfers at 13 TeV. When a partial combination of the TOTEM ρ and total cross section measurements is done at 13 TeV, the combined significance ranges between 3.4 and 4.6 ''σ'' for the different models. Combining this with the 3.4 ''σ'' effect on the extrapolated proton–proton differential cross-sections resulted in an at least 5.2 ''σ'' statistical significance. This is the first statistically significant observation of odderon exchange effects by experimental collaborations. A Hungarian-Swedish scaling

analysis Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (38 ...

introduced a new scaling function and observed, model dependently, that in a limited

range, that includes the DØ energy of 1.96 TeV and the TOTEM energies of 2.76 and 7 TeV, the elastic proton–proton

s are within the experimental uncertainties independent of the energy of the collision.Csörgő, T.; Novák, T.; Pasechnik, R.; Ster, A.; Szanyi, I. (23 February 2021). "Evidence of Odderon-exchange from scaling properties of elastic scattering at TeV energies". The European Physical Journal C. 81 (2): 180 https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11968. Bibcode:2021EPJC...81..180C. S2CID 209500465. In this model dependently determined domain of validity, the Hungarian-Swedish team utilized a direct data-to-data

comparison Comparison or comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different, and t ...

and showed that energy independent scaling function of elastic proton–proton collisions is significantly different from the scaling function of elastic proton–antiproton collisions, hence providing a statistically significant

signal A signal is both the process and the result of transmission of data over some media accomplished by embedding some variation. Signals are important in multiple subject fields including signal processing, information theory and biology. In ...

for the exchange of the elusive odderon. The preprint of this analysis was made public in December 2019 and its final form it was published in February 2021. This paper has been seconded in July 2021 by a theoretical paper of Tamás Csörgő, and István Szanyi, increasing the statistical significance of odderon

observation Observation in the natural sciences is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the percep ...

to at least 7.08 ''σ'' signal.Csörgő, T.; Szanyi, I. (13 July 2021). "Observation of Odderon effects at LHC energies: a real extended Bialas–Bzdak model study". The European Physical Journal C. 81 (7): 611. arXiv:2005.14319. Bibcode:2021EPJC...81..611C. S2CID 219124254. This paper utilized a previously published theoretical model, the so-called real-extended Bialas-Bzdak model, to extrapolate not only the elastic proton–proton

data from the

LHC The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008, in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and ...

energies to the DØ energy of 1.96 TeV but also to extrapolate the elastic proton–antiproton scattering data from 0.546 and 1.96 TeV to the LHC energies of 2.76 TeV and 7 TeV. Evaluating the proton–proton data with a model increased the

uncertainty Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision ...

and decreased the odderon signal from proton–proton scattering data alone, but this decrease was well over-compensated with the ability of the model to evaluate theoretically the proton–antiproton scattering at the LHC energies, leading to an overall increase of the statistical significance from 6.26 to 7.08 ''σ'' signal.

Chronology of articles discovering odderon exchange

References

Bibliography

* 1972: first proposal: Efremov, A. V.; Peschanski, R. (1972). "Evidence for new singularities in Regge phenomenology". OSTIbr>4691439
* 1973: first publication: Łukaszuk, L.; Nicolescu, B. (1 October 1973). "A possible interpretation of pp rising total cross-sections". Lettere al Nuovo Cimento. 8 (7): 405–413. S2CID 122981407. * 1975: odderon named: Joynson, D.; Leader, E.; Nicolescu, B.; Lopez, C. (1 December 1975). "Non-regge and hyper-regge effects in pion–nucleon charge exchange scattering at high energies". Il Nuovo Cimento A. 30 (3): 345–384. Bibcode:1975NCimA..30..345J. S2CID 124183973. * 1980: odderon evolution equation from QCD: Kwieciǹski, J.; Praszałowicz, M. (11 August 1980). "Three gluon integral equation and odd C singlet Regge singularities in QCD". Physics Letters B. 94 (3): 413–416. Bibcode:1980PhLB...94..413K. * 1990: Pomeron and odderon in QCD: Lipatov, L. N. (15 November 1990). "Pomeron and odderon in QCD and a two dimensional conformal field theory". Physics Letters B. 251 (2): 284–287. Bibcode:1990PhLB..251..284L. * 1999: a new odderon intercept from QCD: Janik, R. A.; Wosiek, J. (8 February 1999). "A Solution of the Odderon Problem". Physical Review Letters. 82(6): 1092–1095. arXiv:hep-th/9802100. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.1092J. S2CID 17976783. * 2000: odderon from QCD with fixed coupling constant: Bartels, J.; Lipatov, L. N.; Vacca, G. P. (23 March 2000). "A new odderon solution in perturbative QCD". Physics Letters B. 477 (1): 178–186. arXiv:hep-ph/9912423. Bibcode:2000PhLB..477..178B. S2CID 18651924. * 2003: Odderon in Quantum Chromo Dynamics: Ewerz, Carlo (17 June 2003). "The Odderon in Quantum Chromodynamics". arXiv:hep-ph/0306137. Bibcode:2003hep.ph....6137E. * 2007: Proposal to find the odderon at RHIC and at LHC: Avila, R., Gauron, P. & Nicolescu, B. Eur. Phys. J. C 49, 581–592 (2007).https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-006-0074 * 2015: proposal to use LHC data to hunt down the odderon: Ster, András; Jenkovszky, László; Csörgő, Tamás (13 April 2015). "Extracting the Odderon from p p and p p scattering data". Physical Review D. 91 (7): 074018. arXiv:1501.03860. S2CID 118354589. * 2015: Odderon in the color glass condensate: Hatta, Y.; Iancu, E.; Itakura, K.; McLerran, L. (3 October 2005). "Odderon in the color glass condensate". Nuclear Physics A. 760 (1): 172–207. arXiv:hep-ph/0501171. Bibcode:2005NuPhA.760..172H. S2CID 2880940. * 2016: Measurement of elastic pp scattering at s=8s=8 TeV in the Coulomb–nuclear interference region: determination of the ρρ -parameter and the total cross-section: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (Pilsen U.) et al. (Oct 3, 2016). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 76 (2016) 12, 661. e-Print: 1610.00603 ucl-ex * 2017: First measurement of elastic, inelastic and total cross-section at s=13s=13 TeV by TOTEM and overview of cross-section data at LHC energies: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 17, 2017). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 2, 103. e-Print: 1712.06153 ep-ex * 2017: First determination of the ρ parameter at s=13s=13 TeV: probing the existence of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (CERN) et al. (Dec 16, 2017). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 9, 785. e-Print: 1812.04732 ep-ex * 2018: Elastic differential cross-section dσ/dt at s=2.76 TeVs=2.76 TeV and implications on the existence of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state: TOTEM Collaboration, G. Antchev (Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 20, 2018). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 80 (2020) 2, 9. e-Print: 1812.08610 ep-ex * 2018: Elastic differential cross-section measurement at s=13s=13 TeV: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev ( Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 19, 2018). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 10, 861. e-Print: 1812.08283 ep-ex * 2019: Odderon from real-to-imaginary ratio at zero four-momentum transfer: Martynov, E.; Tersimonov, G. (27 December 2019). "Ratio ρ p p p p ( s ) in Froissaron and maximal odderon approach". Physical Review D. 100 (11): 114039. S2CID 208139556. * 2019: New physics from recent TOTEM measurements: Szanyi, István; Bence, Norbert; Jenkovszky, László (9 April 2019). "New physics from TOTEM's recent measurements of elastic and total cross sections". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 46 (5): 055002. arXiv:1808.03588. Bibcode:2019JPhG...46e5002S. S2CID 104292347. * 2019: Odderon and proton-substructure from a model-independent Levy expansion: Csörgő, T.; Pasechnik, R.; Ster, A. (28 January 2019). "Odderon and proton substructure from a model-independent Lévy imaging of elastic pp and pp collisions". The European Physical Journal C. 79 (1): 62. PMC 6349816. PMID 30774536. * 2019: Odderon effects from the differential cross-sections at TeV energies: Martynov, Evgenij; Nicolescu, Basarab (June 2019). "Odderon effects in the differential cross-sections at Tevatron and LHC energies". The European Physical Journal C. 79 (6): 461. arXiv:1808.08580. Bibcode:2019EPJC...79..461M. S2CID 119393479. * 2020: Proposal to search for odderon in central exclusive production at LHC: Lebiedowicz, Piotr; Nachtmann, Otto; Szczurek, Antoni (13 May 2020). "Searching for the odderon in p p → p p K + K − and p p → p p μ + μ − reactions in the Φ ( 1020 ) resonance region at the LHC". Physical Review D. 101(9): 094012. S2CID 207870047. * 2020: Odderon from QCD with running coupling constant: Bartels, Jochen; Contreras, Carlos; Vacca, Gian Paolo (28 April 2020). "The Odderon in QCD with running coupling". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2020 (4): 183. arXiv:1910.04588. Bibcode:2020JHEP...04..183B. S2CID 204008416. * 2021: "Odderon Exchange from Elastic Scattering Differences between pp and pp¯ Data at 1.96 TeV and from pp Forward Scattering Measurements." TOTEM and DØ Collaborations • V.M. Abazov( Dubna, JINR ) et al. (4 August 2021). Published in: Phys.Rev.Lett. 127 (2021) 6, 062003 • e-Print: 2012.03981 ep-ex* 2021: Csörgő, T.; Novák, T.; Pasechnik, R.; Ster, A.; Szanyi, I. (23 February 2021). "Evidence of Odderon-exchange from scaling properties of elastic scattering at TeV energies". The European Physical Journal C. 81 (2): 180 https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11968. Bibcode:2021EPJC...81..180C. {{doi, 10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08867-6 S2CID

External links

* Presentations at the 50th International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics: *
The Odderon discovery by the DØ and TOTEM collaborations
by Christophe Royon (15 July 2021). *
Optimizing the Signal of Odderon
by Tamás Csörgő (15 July 2021).
Discovery of the Odderon: from Theory to the Experimental Results by TOTEM/D0
by Yuri Kovchegov (28 April 2021) at CTEQ Webinar.
An odd interview about the odderon
article by Georgina Anna Zsóri, interviewing Tamás Csörgő (February 2022).
Interview with the research group that discovered the odderon
article by Georgina Anna Zsóri, interviewing Tamás Csörgő, Tamás Novák, András Ster, István Szanyi and Roman Pasechnik (February 2022).
Odd Discovery of the Odderon
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences press release by Dovicsin-Péntek Csilla, Cseri-Gódor Kitti (8 March 2021).
Odderon discovered
CERN press release by Matthew Chalmers (ed.) (9 March 2021). Bosons Gluons Hadrons 2019 in science Hungarian inventions

Description

Discovery

Chronology of articles discovering odderon exchange

See also

References

Bibliography

External links