The Obrimini are the most species-rich

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

of the

Phasmatodea The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an Order (biology), order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of the

Heteropterygidae The Heteropterygidae is a family (biology), family of Phasmatodea, stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. About 150 valid species have been described (at the ...

native to

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

Description

The Obrimini differ from their sister tribe the Hoplocloniini by the structure of the secondary

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...

at the

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...

of the females, which surrounds the actual ovipositor. It is formed in the Obrimini

dorsally Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of humans and other animals. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provi ...

from the eleventh abdominal

tergum A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; : ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod Arthropods ( ) are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda. They possess an arthropod exoskeleton, exoskeleton wi ...

called supraanal plate or

epiproct This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists. A–C A synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, toxic to vertebrates. Though ...

, while in the Hoplocloniini it originated from the tenth tergum.

Distribution area

The distribution area of the Obrimini extends from

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

to the east and includes the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

, most of the

Moluccas The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West Melanesi ...

and

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

. Farthest east lies with

Viti Levu Viti Levu (pronounced ; ) is the largest island in Fiji. It is the site of the country's capital and largest city, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population. Geology Fiji lies in a plate tectonics, tectonically complex area betwe ...

, the main island of the

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

group, the distribution area of '' Pterobrimus depressus''.

Taxonomy

Brunner von Wattenwyl built in 1893 for the genera already described '' Obrimus'', '' Hoploclonia'', ''

Tisamenus Tisamenus (Ancient Greek: Τισαμενός) is the name of several people in classical history and mythology: * ''Mythology'' **Tisamenus (son of Orestes), mythological king of Argos, and son of Orestes and Hermione. ** Tisamenus (King of Thebes) ...

'', ''

Pylaemenes In Greek mythology, Pylaemenes (Ancient Greek: Πυλαιμένης) may refer to two distinct characters: * Pylaemenes, king of the Eneti tribe of Paphlagonia. He claimed to be related to Priam through Phineus (also a reputed king of Paphlagoni ...

'', ''

Dares Dares Phrygius (), according to Homer, was a Trojan priest of Hephaestus. He was later thought to have been the author of an account of the destruction of Troy. A work in Latin, purporting to be a translation of this, and entitled ''Daretis Phry ...

'' and ''Datames'' (today a

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

to ''Pylaemenes'') the tribe Obrimini (abbreviated there as Obrimi.). He placed these together with the genus ''

Heteropteryx ''Heteropteryx'' is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing ''Heteropteryx dilatata'' as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stic ...

'' and the South American tribe

Cladomorphini The CladomorphinaeBrunner von Wattenwyl (1893) ''Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova'' (2)13(33): 98. are a subfamily of stick insects in the family Phasmatidae. This taxon is particularly well represented in the Neo ...

(abbreviated there as Cladomorphi.) in the family Cladomorphidae (now synonymous with

Cladomorphinae The CladomorphinaeBrunner von Wattenwyl (1893) ''Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova'' (2)13(33): 98. are a subfamily of stick insects in the family Phasmatidae. This taxon is particularly well represented in the Neo ...

). In the following years, basesd on this work, mostly genera of today's

Obriminae The Obriminae are the most species-rich subfamily of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia. It is divided into two tribe. Taxonomy The tribe Obrimini was created by Brunner von Wattenwyl in 1893 for the genera '' Obr ...

and

Dataminae Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygida ...

were listed in this tribe, for example by

Josef Redtenbacher Josef Redtenbacher (March 13, 1810 – March 5, 1870) was an Austrian chemist born in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria. He was a brother to entomologist Ludwig Redtenbacher (1814–1876). He studied medicine and botany at the University ...

in 1906. Lawrence Bruner raised the Obrimini to the rank of a family in 1915.

James Abram Garfield Rehn James Abram Garfield Rehn (October 26, 1881 – January 25, 1965) was an American entomologist who was a specialist on the New World Orthoptera. He worked at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, making several collection expeditions aro ...

and his son

John William Holman Rehn John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

divided the Obriminae, which they only referred to as a subfamily, into the tribes Obrimini and Datamini in 1939. Both tribes were transferred in 1953 by

Klaus Günther Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas. Notable persons whose family name is Klaus * Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseb ...

to the subfamily Heteropteryginae. In 2004 Oliver Zompro raised this subfamily to the rank of family and the tribes contained in the rank of subfamilies or in the rank of a separate family ( Anisacanthidae). At the same time he built three tribes in the subfamily Obriminae. In addition to the Obrimini, these were the Miroceramiini and the Eubulidini. The latter was in 2016 by Frank H. Hennemann

et al References Notes References Further reading * * External links * {{Latin phrases E ...

synonymized with the Obrimini. At the same time, the new tribe Tisamenini was established within the Obriminae. In a study based on

genetic analysis Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology. There are a number of applications that are developed from this research, and these are also considered parts ...

, published in 2021, Sarah Bank et al. synonymized the tribe Miroceramiini and the tribe Tisamenini with the Obrimini and placed next to this the Hoplocloniini as the only other tribe in the subfamily Obriminae. In addition, a species previously referred to as '' Trachyaretaon'' sp. '

Negros Negros (, , ) is the fourth largest and third most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of . The coastal zone of the southern part of Negros is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Tr ...

' was identified as a representative of an as yet undescribed genus. Hennemann described this in 2023 alongside many other species of the tribe as '' Trachyaretaon negrosanon''.

Genera with species

Sources:

References

Robertson, J. A.; Bradler, S. & Whiting, M. F. (2018).
Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)
', Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021).
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
', Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472 Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
(accessdate 12 June 202) Günther, K. (1953).
Über die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea
', Beiträge zur Entomologie, Band 3, Nr. 5, pp. 541–563 Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). ''Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae)'', Zootaxa 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, Rehn, J. A. G. & Rehn, J. W. H. (1939).
Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938)
', Philadelphia, pp. 389 ff. Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1893).
Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria
'. Genova (2) 13 (33):101, p. 98 Redtenbacher, J. (1906).
Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae
'. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 45 ff. Zompro, O. (2004). ''Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea)'', Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, pp. 191–240, Hennemann, F. H. (2023).
Theramenes letiranti – a remarkable new species of Obriminae stick insects from Mindanao, Philippines (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
', Faunitaxys, 11 (45), pp.1–9 Hennemann, F. H. (2023
A taxonomic review, including new species and new records of Philippine Obrimini stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Obriminae)
Faunitaxys, 2023, 11 (71), pp. 1–135.

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q21215855 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea tribes