Ozolua, originally known as Prince Okpame, was the fifteenth Oba of the

Kingdom of Benin The Kingdom of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria. It has no historical relation to the modern republic of Benin, which was known as Dahomey from the 17th century until 1975. The Kingdom of Benin's c ...

who reigned from . He greatly expanded the Kingdom through warfare and increased contact with the

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire was a colonial empire that existed between 1415 and 1999. In conjunction with the Spanish Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa ...

, and was later called , meaning Ozolua the Conqueror in

Edo Edo (), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the '' de facto'' capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogu ...

. He was an important Oba in the history of the Kingdom of Benin and retains importance in the folklore and celebrations of the region.

History

Prince Okpame was the third and the youngest son of

Ewuare Ewuare (also known as Ewuare the Great or Ewuare I), originally known as Prince Ogun, was the twelfth Oba of the Benin Empire from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare became king in a violent coup against his brother Uwaifiokun which destroyed much of Benin ...

who had significantly expanded the

during his reign from 1440 until 1473. Following the death of Ewuare, his eldest surviving son, Esi, was assassinated by a poison arrow at his coronation and his second oldest son,

Olua Olua was the fourteenth Oba of Benin who reigned from . He was the second child of Ewuare. Olua's reign is noted for his actions and the establishment of the Itsekiri kingdom through his son Iginuwa. Early life and accession Olua was the chi ...

, ruled with significant domestic dissent for seven years. After a short-lived rule of the kingdom by a collection of chieftains, Prince Okpame was named the ''Oba'' in 1483 after a three-year interregnum and took the name ''Ozolua''. His rule was defined largely by significant military expansion of the

. This included a successful attack against the Kingdom of Owo. While historical accounts of the battle differ, the result left Owo with its independence while still requiring that it pay

tribute A tribute (; from Latin ''tributum'', "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of lands which the state con ...

to Benin. In diplomatic exchanges with the Portuguese, he claimed to have been victorious in over 200 battles. These victories earned him the title , meaning Ozolua the Conqueror in

, and in statues and artwork he is often displayed as a great warrior. It is difficult to date the alleged migrations from Benin, but there is a strong belief that the founder o
Ora
was a son of Oba Ozolua, who was reigning in 1485. The founders of several other tribes are said to have come at the same time. Although limited trade and contact with the Portuguese had begun under his father Ewuare, the contact expanded significantly under Ozolua with Portuguese explorer John Alfonso d'Aveiro entering the capital

Benin City Benin City serves as the Capital city, capital and largest Metropolitan area, metropolitan centre of Edo State, situated in Nigeria, southern Nigeria. It ranks as the List of Nigerian cities by population, fourth-most populous city in Niger ...

in 1485 and accompanying Ozolua, although not participating, in war. Ozolua was intrigued by the possibilities of firearms for expansion of the kingdom but was informed by d'Aveiro that firearm trade was only possible with Christian allies of the Portuguese. As a result, Ozolua sent an ambassador to Portugal in the early 1500s to propose missionary activity in the kingdom and a royal conversion to Christianity in exchange for trade in firearms (at least one source indicates that he himself went to Portugal at some point). The Portuguese did not agree, but did send a group of missionaries to the kingdom in 1514. The missionaries soon left, as the kingdom was not interested in Christianity unless this was coupled to the facilitation of trade in firearms.

Succession

The end of Ozolua's reign is bound with a number of important folktales in the region. It is known that he had two sons,

Esigie Esigie (also spelt Oseigie), originally known as Osawe, was the son of Oba Ozolua, who reigned in the late 15th century, and his second wife, Queen Idia. He was the sixteenth Oba who ruled the medieval Benin Kingdom, now Benin City, Edo State ...

and Arhuahan and that at the end of his reign there was a war regarding royal succession between the two brothers and

became the new Oba of the Benin Kingdom. One popular story holds that in his old age, Ozolua mistakenly named his son Arhuahan the ruler of Udo (a small village in the Kingdom) rather than the ruler of Edo (or

, the capital of the Kingdom). Regardless, the confusion brings the two sons into warfare. According to the tale, Arhuahan brings together a substantial force and with significant confidence tells the people remaining in his city that if he fails to be victorious they should throw every possession of his into the nearby lake. As his army pushes to Benin City, the resident of the city and Esigie's army flee to avoid battle. Arhuahan returns disappointed that he did not have the chance at victory and the villagers seeing his dejected return assume the worst and throw his possessions into the lake, he follows his possessions never to be seen again. Although sources agree on the general date of the end of his reign at 1504, they disagree on the date of death. Hastings claims that he was deposed in 1504 and assassinated by military leaders when the promise of firearms did not materialize. Most other sources date his death from natural causes to 1520.

References

{{Obas of Benin Year of birth unknown 1504 deaths Obas of Benin 15th-century Nigerian people 16th-century Nigerian people 16th-century monarchs in Africa People from Benin City

History

Succession

See also

References