Nursery web spider

Nursery web spiders (Pisauridae) are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1890. Females of the family are known for building special nursery webs. When their eggs are about to hatch, a female spider builds a tent-like web, places her egg sac inside, and stands guard outside, hence the family's common name. Like wolf spiders, however, nursery web spiders are roaming hunters that do not use webs for catching prey.

Species occur throughout the world except for extremely dry or cold environments, and are common just about everywhere. Many can walk on the surface of still bodies of water and may even dive beneath the surface temporarily to escape enemies. They can jump a distance of , but they have trouble climbing extremely smooth surfaces such as glass.

The name "nursery web spider" is especially given to the European species ''Pisaura mirabilis''. Adult female specimens may reach up to 15 mm in length, excluding legs. The legs of the male are longer in relation to body size than those of the female.

The female spider sometimes attempts to eat the male after mating. The male, to reduce the risk of this, often presents the female with a gift such as a fly when approaching in the hope that this will satisfy her hunger. Sometimes, this gift is a fake present intended to fool the female. Males may wrap the fake gift in silk, to deceive the female to mate. Females can detect the fake gift and terminate mating, negating the male's deception in not giving a real gift.

Nursery web spiders resemble wolf spiders (Lycosidae) except for some key differences. The posterior lateral eyes of wolf spiders are relatively far back and point sideways. In nursery web spiders, the posterior lateral eyes are closer to the posterior median eyes. Also, female nursery web spiders carry their egg sacs with their chelicerae instead of attaching them to their spinnerets as wolf spiders do.

Genera

, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:

*'' Afropisaura'' Blandin, 1976 — Africa
*'' Archipirata'' Simon, 1898 — Turkmenistan, China
*'' Architis'' Simon, 1898 — South America, Trinidad, Panama
*'' Blandinia'' Tonini, Paulo da Silva, Serpa Filho & Freitas, 2016 — Madagascar
*'' Caripetella'' Strand, 1928 — Madagascar, Comoros
*'' Charminus'' Thorell, 1899 — Africa
*'' Chiasmopes'' Pavesi, 1883 — Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa
*'' Cispinilus'' Roewer, 1955 — Central Africa
*''Cispius'' Simon, 1898 — South Africa, Congo
*'' Cladycnis'' Simon, 1898 — Canary Is.
*'' Conakrya'' Schmidt, 1956 — Guinea
*'' Dendrolycosa'' Doleschall, 1859 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
*'' Eucamptopus'' Pocock, 1900 — India
*'' Euprosthenops'' Pocock, 1897 — Africa, India
*'' Euprosthenopsis'' Blandin, 1974 — Africa
*'' Hala'' Jocqué, 1994 — Madagascar
*'' Hygropoda'' Thorell, 1894 — Africa, Asia, Australia
*'' Ilipula'' Simon, 1903 — Vietnam
*'' Inola'' Davies, 1982 — Australia
*'' Maypacius'' Simon, 1898 — Africa
*'' Nilus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 — Asia, Africa
*'' Papakula'' Strand, 1911 — Indonesia
*'' Paracladycnis'' Blandin, 1979 — Madagascar
*'' Perenethis'' L. Koch, 1878 — Asia, Comoros, Oceania
*'' Phalaeops'' Roewer, 1955 — Mozambique, Djibouti
*'' Pisaura'' Simon, 1886 — Asia
*'' Pisaurina'' Simon, 1898 — United States, Canada, Cuba
*'' Polyboea'' Thorell, 1895 — Asia
*'' Qianlingula'' Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2004
*'' Rothus'' Simon, 1898 — Israel, South Africa
*'' Sphedanus'' Thorell, 1877 — Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia
*'' Stoliczka'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 — Pakistan
*'' Tallonia'' Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
*'' Tapinothele'' Simon, 1898 — Tanzania
*'' Tapinothelella'' Strand, 1909 — South Africa
*'' Tapinothelops'' Roewer, 1955 — Ethiopia
*'' Tetragonophthalma'' Karsch, 1878 —
*'' Thalassiopsis'' Roewer, 1955 — Madagascar
*'' Thaumasia'' Perty, 1833 — Central America, South America, Mexico
*'' Tinus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — India, Cuba, North America, Central America
*'' Tolma'' Jocqué, 1994 — Madagascar
*'' Voraptipus'' Roewer, 1955 — Mozambique
*'' Vuattouxia'' Blandin, 1979 — Côte d'Ivoire
*'' Walrencea'' Blandin, 1979 — South Africa
*'' Paraeomolomedes'' Blandin, 1979 — South America
*'' Meglaomedes'' Blandin, 1979 — north africa
*'' inosalptoneus'' Blandin, 1979 — South Africa
*'' kilokilptous'' Blandin, 1979 — South Africa
*'' Megnatoplus'' Blandin, 1979 — South Africa
*'' Eopatinus'' Blandin, 1979 — South Africa

Some fossilized spiders have also been assigned to this family:
* †'' Eopisaurella'' Petrunkevitch, 1958 (Early Eocene; Baltic amber)
* †'' Palaeoperenethis'' Seldon & Penney, 2009 (Ypresian, British Columbia, Canada)

Gallery

Brown spider.jpg, Nursery web spider carrying egg sac

See also

* List of Pisauridae species

References

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