Nureddin Ibrahim Pasha (; 1873 – 18 February 1932), known as Nureddin İbrahim Konyar from 1934, was a Turkish military officer who served in the

Ottoman Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire () was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922. Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years ...

during World War I and in the

Turkish Army The Turkish Land Forces () is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for Army, land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant campaigns since the ...

during the Western Front of the

Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...

. He was called Bearded Nureddin () because being the only high-ranking Turkish officer during the Turkish War of Independence sporting a beard. He is known as one of the most important commanders of the war. He ordered several murders and massacres.

Ottoman era

He was born in 1873 in

Bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ...

of Turkish descent. His father, Field Marshal (''Müşir'') İbrahim PashaT.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 31. was a high-ranking officer in the

. He entered the Ottoman Military Academy (''Mekteb-i Füsûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne''), in Pangaltı, in 1890. He completed the Military Academy as the 31st of the class in 1893 and joined the

Ottoman military The Military of the Ottoman Empire () was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922. Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years ...

as an

infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...

second lieutenant (''Mülâzım-ı Sani''). Nureddin Pasha was one of the few to reach high rank without having attended a staff college.Edward J. Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', Routledge, New York, 2007, , p. 75. He knew

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

, French, German, and Russian. He served in the 40th Infantry Battalion of the Fifth Army between March and April 1893. He served in the headquarters of the ''Hassa Ordusu'' ( First Army) between April 1893 and October 1898.T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 32. On 31 January 1895, he was promoted to the rank of

first lieutenant First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment. The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a se ...

(''Mülâzım-ı Evvel'') and, on 22 July 1895, to that of

captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...

(''Yüzbaşı''). He took part in the

Greco-Turkish War of 1897 The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War (), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the O ...

as the aide-de-camp of the commander-in-chief

Edhem Pasha Edhem Pasha (; 1844–1909) was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish field marshal and leading figure in the propagation of the Ottoman military doctrine. Life and career Edhem was born to a Muslim Turkish people, Turkish ...

. After going back to Constantinople, he was assigned to the 1st department (chief of operations) of the headquarters of the First Army. In October 1898, he was appointed to the aide-de-camp of

Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

Abdul Hamid II Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernizati ...

. In 1901, he was promoted to the rank of major (''Binbaşı''). He was appointed Staff Group of the Command of Bulgarian Border between 1901 and 1902. Nureddin Bey fought guerrillas in Macedonia between 1902 and 1903. In December 1907, he was assigned to the prestigious Third Army headquarters in

Salonika Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...

. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (''Kaymakam'') in 1907 and

Colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...

(''Miralay'') in 1908. Before the

Young Turk Revolution The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908; ) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal Committee of Union and Progress, an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II ...

of 1908, when Müşir İbrahim Pasha attempted to establish discipline in the army, Major Djemal Bey and other members of the

Committee of Union and Progress The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; , French language, French: ''Union et Progrès'') was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 ...

approached his son Nureddin Bey, with warning to the Müşir İbrahim Pasha to keep off their patch. Nureddin Bey joined the Committee of Union and Progress (membership number was 6436). On 19 August 1909, he was demoted to major, because of the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks (''Tasfiye-i Rüteb-i Askeriye Kanunu'') and sent to reserve under the First Army. In September 1909, he was appointed to the Governor of Küçükçekmece. In April 1910, he was appointed to the vice commander of the 77th Infantry Regiment by 1910 and after became the commander of the 1st Battalion of the 83rd Infantry Regiment. In February 1911, Nureddin Bey served on the XIV Corps staff fighting insurgents in

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

and promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In November he became reserve under the XIV Corps. By 1913 he returned from Yemen to command the 9th Infantry Regiment in the last stage of Balkan War. In 1913 he served with the model force (''numune kıtası'') formed in conjunction with Liman von Sanders's German Military Mission (German: '' Deutsche Militärmissionen im Osmanischen Reich'', Turkish: '' Alman Hey'et-i Askeriyye-i Islâhiyyesi'').

World War

By April 1914 he assumed command of the 4th Division (''Dördüncü Fırka''). The commander of the Iraq Area Command Süleyman Askerî Bey committed suicide on 14 April 1915 and Nureddin Bey was assigned to the Iraq Area Command on 20 April. He arrived in June to take command of the battered army in Iraq and he was appointed the Governor of

Basra Province Basra Governorate ( ), also called Basra Province, is a governorate in southern Iraq in the region of Arabian Peninsula, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah district. Other ...

and Baghdad Province at the same time. In November 1915, Nureddin Bey stopped Major General Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend's 6th Poona Infantry Division of

British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...

at the Battle of Ctesiphon, and then pursued his retreating opponents to the town of

Kut Kūt (), officially Al-Kut, also spelled Kutulamare, Kut al-Imara, or Kut Al Amara is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about south east of Baghdad, and the capital of the Wasit Governorate. the estimated populatio ...

. Several attacks failed to take the town, and he settled down to a siege which ended in a British surrender. German

Generalfeldmarschall ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (; from Old High German ''marahscalc'', "marshal, stable master, groom"; ; often abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (''Reichsgeneralfeldmarsch ...

Colmar von der Goltz arrived at

Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...

on 21 December 1915, changed the name of the Command as the Iraq Army (''Irak Ordusu''), inspected his positions and later left to start an invasion of Persia. On 20 January 1916,

Enver Pasha İsmâil Enver (; ; 23 November 1881 – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish military officer, revolutionary, and Istanbul trials of 1919–1920, convicted war criminal who was a p ...

, Ottoman Minister of War, replaced Nureddin Bey with Colonel Halil Bey and Nureddin Bey was appointed to the commander of the IX Corps and the provisional commander of the Third Army. In October 1916, he was appointed to the commander of the Muğla and Antalya Area Command (''Muğla ve Antalya Havalisi Komutanlığı'') and ordered to establish the XXI Corps (he became the commander of this corps) based in Aidin and became the Deputy Governor of

Aidin Vilayet The Vilayet of Aidin or Aydin (, ) also known as Vilayet of Smyrna or İzmir after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in the south-west of Asia Minor, including the ancient regi ...

on 25 October 1918. He was promoted to the rank of

Mirliva ''Mirliva'' or ''Mîr-i livâ'' was a military rank of the Ottoman Army and Navy. It corresponds to brigadier general ( modern Turkish: ''Tuğgeneral'') and division general ( modern Turkish: ''Tümgeneral'') in the modern Turkish Army. ''M ...

in 1918.

After the armistice

After the

Armistice of Mudros The Armistice of Mudros () ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between Ottoman Turkey and the Allies of World War I. It was signed on 30 October 1918 by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and British Admiral Somerset ...

, in November 1918, he was appointed to the commander of the XVII Corps based in İzmir and the Governor of

at the same time. On 30 December 1918 he was appointed to the commander of the XXV Corps based in Constantinople. On 2 February 1919, because of the breaking out of the rebellion in Urla, he was reassigned to the Governor of Aidin Vilayet and Aidin Area Command (''Aydın Bölge Komutanığı'').T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 33. Nureddin Pasha established a consultation committee consisting of delegates of parties, societies and merchant clubs in Smyrna (Izmir), and supported activities of the Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir (''İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti'').Mesut Çapa
"İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Aralık 1918 – Mart 1920)"
''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 21, Cilt: VII, Temmuz 1991. However, activities of the society slowed down with Nurettin Pasha's departure from İzmir. In order to weaken Turkish defense against Greek landing at İzmir, The Allied Powers, especially the British Prime Minister

David Lloyd George David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922. A Liberal Party (United Kingdom), Liberal Party politician from Wales, he was known for leadi ...

, wanted to remove Nurettin Pasha from İzmir. Before the Occupation of İzmir, nationalist general Nureddin Pasha was recalled the Governor, who had fallen foul of Chrysostomos of Smyrna. Kurd Ahmet Izzet Pasha was appointed as the new governor on 11 March, and retired general Ali Nadir Pasha was appointed as the new military commander on 22 March.

War of Independence

In June 1920, he passed through

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

to participate in the national liberation movement and he was appointed to the commander of the Central Army (''Merkez Ordusu'') based in

Amasya Amasya () is a city in northern Turkey, in the Black Sea Region. It was called Amaseia or Amasia in antiquity."Amasya" in ''Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol ...

of some 10,000 men on 9 December 1920. Due to his appointment as the military general governor of the

Pontus Pontus or Pontos may refer to: * Short Latin name for the Pontus Euxinus, the Greek name for the Black Sea (aka the Euxine sea) * Pontus (mythology), a sea god in Greek mythology * Pontus (region), on the southern coast of the Black Sea, in modern ...

, the position of the

Pontic Greeks The Pontic Greeks (; or ; , , ), also Pontian Greeks or simply Pontians, are an ethnically Greek group indigenous to the region of Pontus, in northeastern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). They share a common Pontic Greek culture that is di ...

took a turn for the worse. He expelled American missionaries and put some local Christians on trial for treason.Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 330.

Koçgiri Rebellion

Against Koçgiri rebels, Nureddin Pasha led a force of some 3,000 cavalrymen and irregulars including the 47th Giresun Volunteer Regiment led by Topal Osman. The rebels were crushed by 17 June 1921. According to some sources, Nurettin Pasha said: (other sources attribute this to Topal OsmanHalim Demir, ''Milli Mücadele: Kuvayı Milliye : İttihatçılar ve Muhalifler'', Ozan Yayıncılık, 2008
p. 176.
/ref>): The severity of the repression led to angry debates in the Grand National Assembly. The assembly decided to send Nureddin Pasha to a commission of enquiry and to put him on trial. Nureddin Pasha was relieved on 3 November 1921 and recalled to Ankara. But

Mustafa Kemal Mustafa () is one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name Moustafa * Moustafa A ...

prevented a trial and Nureddin Pasha was soon rehabilitated and became the commander of the First Army in 1922.

Pontic Greek Expulsion and Massacre

On 9 June 1921, the Greek

destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or carrier battle group and defend them against a wide range of general threats. They were conceived i ...

s and

battleship A battleship is a large, heavily naval armour, armored warship with a main battery consisting of large naval gun, guns, designed to serve as a capital ship. From their advent in the late 1880s, battleships were among the largest and most form ...

Kilkis Kilkis () is a city in Central Macedonia, Greece. As of 2021 there were 24,130 people living in the city proper, 27,493 people living in the municipal unit, and 45,308 in the municipality of Kilkis. It is also the capital city of the regional un ...

'' bombed İnebolu. Nureddin Pasha advised the general staff of the Ankara government that in view of the danger of a Greek landing in

Samsun Samsun is a List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port. The urban area recorded a population of 738,692 in 2022. The city is the capital of Samsun Province which has a population of ...

, all male Greeks aged between 16 and 50 years should be deported to Amasya,

Tokat Tokat is a city of Turkey in the mid-Black Sea region of Anatolia. It is the seat of Tokat Province and Tokat District.

and Karahisar-ı Şarkî (present day:

Şebinkarahisar Şebinkarahisar is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of northeastern Turkey. It is the administrative seat of Şebinkarahisar District.

) by the order numbered 2082 and dated 12 January 1921. The Ankara government accepted it on 16 June. And the Central Army deported nearly 21,000 persons and the Samsun Independent Tribunal passed 485 death sentences. The massacres committed from the Central Army were so brutal, than even MPs of the

GNAT GNAT is a free-software compiler for the Ada programming language which forms part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). It supports all versions of the language, i.e. Ada 2012, Ada 2005, Ada 95 and Ada 83. Originally its ...

demanded Nureddin's execution. Eventually, the National Assembly relieved him of command and prosecuted him, but Mustafa Kemal revoked the procedure. After the Greek

armoured cruiser The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was designed like other types of cruisers to operate as a long-range, independent warship, capable of defeating any ship apart from a pre-dreadnought battles ...

'' Georgios Averof'' bombed Samsun on 7 June 1922, Greeks in the areas of western and southern Anatolia under Turkish nationalist control were deported by order of the Ankara government.Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 331.

Great Offensive

After the commander of the First Army Ali İhsan (Sâbis) was dismissed and sent to the Konya Court Martial, the command of the First Army was offered to Ali Fuat (Cebesoy), and then Refet (Bele). But neither man wanted to serve under İsmet (İnönü).Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk'', pp. 334–335. On 29 June 1922, Nureddin Pasha was appointed to the commander of the First Army replacing Ali İhsan and on 31 August, he was promoted to the rank of Ferik.

Murder of Archbishop Chrysostomos and Great Fire of Smyrna

He was to re-enter into İzmir at the head of the First Army on 9 September 1922. According to Ütkan Kocatürk, he was assigned the Military Governor (''Askerî Vali'') of İzmir, but according to other sources, the Commander of the I Corps Mirliva İzzettin Pasha (Çalışlar) was appointed the Military GovernorT.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 194. İzzeddin Çalışlar, ''On Yıllık Savaşın Günlüğü: Balkan, Birinci Dünya ve İstiklal Savaşları, Orgeneral İzzettin Çalışlar'ın Günlüğü'', Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997, , pp. 393–394. and Abdülhalik Bey (Renda) was appointed the Civil Governor of İzmir. Nureddin Pasha summoned the Greek archbishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna and accused him of treason. Nureddin Pasha pushed him out of the residence and invited a mob of Turks to deal with him. He was killed in a lynching.Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 345. Falih Rıfkı (Atay), the Turkish nationalist journalist who had come from Constantinople to İzmir to interview Mustafa Kemal, noted in his diary about the Great Fire of Smyrna that began on 13 September 1922 as follows: After the

Armistice of Mudanya The Armistice of Mudanya () was an agreement between Turkey (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) on the one hand, and Italy, France, and Britain on the other hand, signed in the town of Mudanya, in the province of Bursa, on 11 October 1922. Th ...

, his army was relocated in

İzmit İzmit () is a municipality and the capital Districts of Turkey, district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 480 km2, and its population is 376,056 (2022). The capital of Kocaeli Province, it is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea ...

by the order numbered 42 and dated 11 October 1922.

Murder of Ali Kemal Bey

During his time as a commander in İzmit, Nureddin Pasha arranged the kidnapping of former Minister of Interior Ali Kemal Bey. According to retired Staff Colonel Rahmi Apak (1887–1963) Ali Kemal was seized on 4 November 1922 by two police commissars named Mazlûm and Cem,Rahmi Apak, ''Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988, , pp. 262–263. whom historian Cemal Kutay (1909–2006) identified by agents of the secret organization M. M. (ﻡﻡ, Mim Mim, abbreviation of ''Müsellâh Müdâfaa-i Milliye'' means Armed National Defence) while at a barber's shop in / in front of the Tokatlıyan Hotel and taken out of the British zone to Kumkapı. At night Ali Kemal was put on and brought to İzmit. Staff Captain Rahmi (Apak) ordered a reserve officer Necip Ali (Küçüka) (1892–1941), who was the intern prosecutor, to examine Ali Kemal Bey. After that Ali Kemal Bey was called by Nureddin Pasha. Nureddin Pasha told Ali Kemal to transfer to the military court and Ali Kemal Bey replied that ''I'm ready to go to court''.Rahmi Apak, ''Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları'', p. 264. But Nureddin Pasha ordered Rahmi: Rahmi hesitated to execute this order and sent Captain "Kel" Sait to Nureddin Pasha. Rahmi said to Necip Ali: ''Go ahead Necip Ali Bey, take Ali Kemal Beyefendi to the military court''. Necip Ali and Ali Kemal exited through the gate and were attacked by a mob. Necip Ali, who was uninformed about operation, was also attacked and came back to Rahmi's room to complaint about their situations. Ali Kemal Bey was beaten and stoned, got knifed in his back and laid down to the ground. Mob stripped and took his new suits. They robbed the ring on his finger, gold watch, whatever he has in his pockets. Then they bound him with rope at his ankles and dragged downhill him　wearing only underpants and shirts.Rahmi Apak, ''Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları'', p. 265. Nureddin Pasha made a scaffold on the small tunnel, where the railway passes, next to the station and hanged the dead body of Ali Kemal Bey to show İsmet Pasha who travelled through the town by train a few days later on his way to the Conference of Lausanne.

Perfidy in the occupation of Constantinople

Nureddin Pasha sent civil servants to buy 3,000 used civilian suits. He ordered soldiers and officers of infantry battalions and made them pass the British line with those suits at night company by company. First party of them was placed in a boots factory in

Beykoz Beykoz () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 310 km2, and its population is 247,875 (2022). It lies at the northern end of the Bosphorus on the Anatolian side. The name i ...

. Two more battalion were sent to pass the

Bosphorus The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait ( ; , colloquially ) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental bo ...

and dispatched to houses, mosques and madrasas around

Rumeli Hisarı Rumelia (; ; ) was a historical region in Southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, roughly corresponding to the Balkans. In its wider sense, it was used to refer to all Ottoman possessions and vassals in Europe. These ...

. After the both sides of the Bosphorus were held by a regiment, they surrounded the British garrisons in

Haydarpaşa Haydarpaşa is a locality within the Kadıköy and Üsküdar districts on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. Haydarpaşa is named after Ottoman Vizier Haydar Pasha. The place, on the coast of Sea of Marmara, borders to Harem in the northwest and ...

and

Kadıköy Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...

. Nureddin Pasha appointed Cavalry Lieutenant Colonel Nidai Bey as commander of this organization. Important places in Constantinople were occupied by these armed infantries with civilian clothes.Rahmi Apak, ''Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları'', p. 266. This organization named K.T. (ﮒ ﺕ, Kef Te, abbreviation of ''Geçit Teşkilâtı'' means "Passage Organization") that was called Köfte (meatball) by Mehmetçiks, was established by the

General Staff A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, Enlisted rank, enlisted, and civilian staff who serve the commanding officer, commander of a ...

and administrated by the First Army. K.T. was disbanded on 8 August 1923, after the signing of the

Treaty of Lausanne The Treaty of Lausanne (, ) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially ...

. The Turkish military units belonging to the III Corps (''Üçüncü Kolordu'') under the command of Mirliva Shukri Naili (Gökberk) and Nureddin Pasha entered

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

on 6 October 1923.

Republican era

Deputy

In June 1923, when the First Army was dissolved, he went on leave without command.

Kâzım Karabekir Musa Kâzım Karabekir (also Kazim or Kiazim in English; 1882 – 26 January 1948) was a Turkish people, Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Front (Turkey), Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish Wa ...

was appointed as the First Army inspector. In March 1924, he was appointed to the member of the Supreme Military Council. In December 1924, a by-election of the

Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( ), usually referred to simply as the GNAT or TBMM, also referred to as , in Turkish, is the Unicameralism, unicameral Turkey, Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by ...

was held in Bursa, Nureddin Pasha stood as an independent and defeated the candidate of the

Republican People's Party The Republican People's Party (RPP; , CHP ) is a Kemalism, Kemalist and Social democracy, social democratic political party in Turkey. It is the oldest List of political parties in Turkey, political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal ...

. He resigned membership after elected as the deputy of Bursa for the Grand National Assembly. However, on 17 January 1925, the status of deputy of Nureddin Pasha was rejected by the Grand National Assembly on the ground of his military register. Nureddin Pasha retired from the army on his own terms. And when the election was held again on 2 February, Nureddin Pasha increased his vote.

Hat Law

In November 1925, Nureddin Pasha argued that the draft of the Hat Law (''Şapka İktisasına Dair Kanun'') violated the

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

. But other deputies competed in denouncing him an enemy of the popular will. The Justice Minister Mahmud Esad (Bozkurt) declared ''The grant of freedom is not to be a toy in the hands of reactionaries...The things for the country's interests can not be contrary to the Constitution, was determined not to be.''.Turkish text: ''Hürriyetin nasibi, irticanın elinde oyuncak olmak değildir... Ülkenin çıkarlarına olan şeyler hiç bir zaman Anayasaya aykırı olamaz, olmaması mukayyettir.'', Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 436.

''Nutuk''

In October 1927,

criticized him in his Nutuk'' ''speech. According to Mustafa Kemal, in 1923 Nureddin Pasha made Âbit Süreyya to publish a booklet of biography (''Tercüme-i hal''), in booklet Nureddin Pasha was described as the surrounder of Kut-Al-Amara, the defender of

, the vanquisher of

Ctesiphon Ctesiphon ( ; , ''Tyspwn'' or ''Tysfwn''; ; , ; Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient city in modern Iraq, on the eastern ba ...

, Western Anatolia, Afyon Karahisar, Dumlupınar, the conqueror of

İzmir İzmir is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara. It is on the Aegean Sea, Aegean coast of Anatolia, and is the capital of İzmir Province. In 2024, the city of İzmir had ...

Death

On 18 February 1932, he died in his house at Kızlarağası Çeşmesi Street (present day: Müverrih Ağa Street) number 23 in

Hasanpaşa neighbourhood. He was married to Nazmiye Hanım (surname: Türe, death 1951) and had two daughters, Semiha Hanım (1896–1950) and Memduha Hanım (1904–1970). Semiha Hanım was married to Hüseyin Pasha, Memduha Hanım was married to Major General Eşref Alpdoğan. Some researchers including Uğur Mumcu confused him with the Governor of the Fourth Inspectorate-General

Lieutenant General Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ...

Hüseyin Abdullah Alpdoğan. After the 12 September coup d'état, to select Atatürk's comrades who would be transfer to the State Cemetery, the

Turkish Historical Society The Turkish Historical Society (; TTK) is a research society studying the history of Turkey and the Turkish people, founded in 1931 by the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with headquarters in Ankara, Turkey. It has been described as "the Ke ...

identified Nureddin Pasha as one of the Atatürk's closest 50 comrades during the

War of Independence Wars of national liberation, also called wars of independence or wars of liberation, are conflicts fought by nations to gain independence. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) ...

and made him honorable member of the Atatürk Research Center. Moreover, Nureddin Pasha was shown not Ferik but Orgeneral (

four-star rank Military star ranking is military terminology, used in mainly English speaking countries, to describe general and flag officers. Within NATO's armed forces, the stars are equal to OF-6–10. Star ranking One-star A one-star rank is usual ...

) and ''fourth'' man after

İsmet İnönü Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer who served as the second List of Presidents of Turkey, president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950, and as its Prime Minister of Turkey, pr ...

and

Fevzi Çakmak Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak (12 January 1876 – 10 April 1950) was a Turkish field marshal (''Mareşal (Turkey), Mareşal'') and politician. He served as the Chief of General Staff from 1918 and 1919 and later the Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire ...

.Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Kanunu
And these decisions were accepted by the

. But because of the public reaction to the decision, the General Staff gave up the transfer of the Nureddin Pasha's body to the State Cemetery. Uğur Mumcu, ''Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması, 1919–1925'', Tekin Yayınları, 1991,
p. 197.
Halil Nebiler, ''Türkiye'de şeriatın kısa tarihi'', Ütay Yayınları, 1994
p. 87.

Medals and decorations

* Order of Medjidie, 5th class *

Order of Osmanieh The Order of Osmanieh (, Modern ) was a civil and military decoration of the Ottoman Empire. History The order was created in January 1862 by Sultan Abdülaziz. With the obsolescence of the Nişan-i Iftikhar, this became the second highest order ...

, 3rd class *Order of Medjidie with Sword, 2nd class *Gold Liakat Medal *

Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...

Iron Cross The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...

* Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon & Citation

References

External links

* Fikret Karagöz
"Biz Nurettin Paşa yaktı biliyorduk"
''Taraf'', 15 April 2008. * Engin Ardıç
"Yaklaşıyor paşam!"
''Sabah'', 9 April 2010. * Mehmet Altan
"Sakallı Nurettin Paşa torunları"
''Star'', 21 April 2010. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nureddin 1873 births 1932 deaths People from Bursa People from Hüdavendigâr vilayet Committee of Union and Progress politicians Ottoman Military Academy alumni Ottoman military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1897) Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars Ottoman military personnel of World War I Ottoman Army generals Turkish Army generals Commanders of the First Army of Turkey Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Deputies of Bursa Ottoman governors of Aidin Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class Recipients of the Gold Liakat Medal Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914) Recipients of the Legion of Honour Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon (Turkey) Greek genocide perpetrators People of the Burning of Smyrna Perfidy incidents