Identifying numerals
Numerals may be attributive, as in ''two dogs'', or pronominal, as in ''I saw two (of them)''. Many words of different parts of speech indicate number or quantity. Such words are called quantifiers. Examples are words such as ''every'', ''most'', ''least'', ''some'', etc. Numerals are distinguished from other quantifiers by the fact that they designate a specific number. Examples are words such as ''five, ten, fifty, one hundred, etc.'' They may or may not be treated as a distinct part of speech; this may vary, not only with the language, but with the choice of word. For example, "dozen" serves the function of aLarger numerals
English has derived numerals for multiples of its base (''fifty, sixty,'' etc.), and some languages have simplex numerals for these, or even for numbers between the multiples of its base. Balinese, for example, currently has a decimal system, with words for 10, 100, and 1000, but has additional simplex numerals for 25 (with a second word for 25 only found in a compound for 75), 35, 45, 50, 150, 175, 200 (with a second found in a compound for 1200), 400, 900, and 1600. In Hindustani, the numerals between 10 and 100 have developed to the extent that they need to be learned independently. In many languages, numerals up to the base are a distinct part of speech, while the words for powers of the base belong to one of the other word classes. In English, these higher words areNumerals of cardinal numbers
The cardinal numbers have numerals. In the following tables, ndindicates that the word ''and'' is used in someEnglish names for powers of 10
This table compares the English names of cardinal numbers according to various American, British, and Continental European conventions. See English numerals or names of large numbers for more information on naming numbers. There is no consistent and widely accepted way to extend cardinals beyond centillion ( centilliard).Myriad, Octad, and -yllion systems
The following table details the myriad, octad, Ancient Greek Archimedes's notation, Chinese myriad, Chinese long and -yllion names for powers of 10. There is also a Knuth-proposed system notation of numbers, named the -yllion system. In this system, a new word is invented for every ''2n''-th power of ten.Fractional numerals
This is a table of English names for non-negativeOther specific quantity terms
Various terms have arisen to describe commonly used measured quantities. * Unit: 1 (based on a single entity of counting or measurement of an object or item) * Pair: 2 (the base of theBasis of counting system
Not all peoples useNo base
Many languages of2: binary
Binary systems are based on the number 2, using zeros and ones. Due to its simplicity, only having two distinct digits, binary is commonly used in computing, with zero and one often corresponding to "off/on" respectively.3: ternary
Ternary systems are based on the number 3, having practical usage in some analog logic, in baseball scoring and in self–similar mathematical structures.4: quaternary
Quaternary systems are based on the number 4. Some Austronesian, Melanesian,5: quinary
Quinary systems are based on the number 5. It is almost certain the quinary system developed from counting by fingers (five fingers per hand).Heath, Thomas, ''A Manual of Greek Mathematics'', Courier Dover: 2003. page, p:11 An example are the Epi languages of Vanuatu, where 5 is ''luna'' 'hand', 10 ''lua-luna'' 'two hand', 15 ''tolu-luna'' 'three hand', etc. 11 is then ''lua-luna tai'' 'two-hand one', and 17 ''tolu-luna lua'' 'three-hand two'. 5 is a common ''auxiliary base'', or ''sub-base'', where 6 is 'five and one', 7 'five and two', etc.6: senary
Senary systems are based on the number 6. The Morehead-Maro languages of Southern New Guinea are examples of the rare base 6 system with monomorphemic words running up to 66. Examples are Kanum and Kómnzo. The Sko languages on the North Coast of New Guinea follow a base-24 system with a sub-base of 6.7: septenary
Septenary systems are based on the number 7. Septenary systems are very rare, as few natural objects consistently have seven distinctive features. Traditionally, it occurs in week-related timing. It has been suggested that the Palikúr language has a base-seven system, but this is dubious.Parkvall, M. ''Limits of Language'', 1st edn. 2008. p.291.8: octal
Octal systems are based on the number 8. Examples can be found in the Yuki language of9: nonary
Nonary systems are based on the number 9. It has been suggested that Nenets has a base-nine system.10: decimal
Decimal systems are based on the number 10. A majority of traditional number systems are decimal. This dates back at least to the ancient12: duodecimal
Duodecimal systems are based on the number 12. These include: * Chepang language of16: hexadecimal
Hexadecimal systems are based on the number 16. The traditional20: vigesimal
Vigesimal systems are based on the number 20. Anthropologists are convinced the system originated from digit counting, as did bases five and ten, twenty being the number of human fingers and toes combined.Georges Ifrah, ''The Universal History of Numbers: The Modern Number System'', Random House, 2000: . 1262 pages The system is in widespread use across the world. Some include the classical24: quadrovigesimal
Quadrovigesimal systems are based on the number 24. The Sko languages have a base-24 system with a sub-base of 6.32: duotrigesimal
Duotrigesimal systems are based on the number 32. The Ngiti ethnolinguistic group uses a base 32 numeral system.60: sexagesimal
Sexagesimal systems are based on the number 60. Ekari has a base-60 system.80: octogesimal
Octogesimal systems are based on the number 80. Supyire is said to have a base-80 system; it counts in twenties (with 5 and 10 as sub-bases) up to 80, then by eighties up to 400, and then by 400s (great scores). 799 .e. 400 + (4 x 80) + (3 x 20) + ��See also
Numerals in various languages
A databasRelated topics
*Notes
Further reading
* Crespo Cantalapiedra, I. (2023).