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Nucleotidyltransferases are
Nucleotidyltransferases are transferase
In biochemistry, a transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor). They are involved ...
enzymes of phosphorus-containing groups, e.g., substituent
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule.
The suffix ''-yl'' is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond r ...
s of nucleotidylic acids or simply nucleoside monophosphates. The general reaction of transferring a nucleoside monophosphate moiety from A to B, can be written as:
:A-P-N + B A + B-P-N
For example, in the case of polymerases, A is pyrophosphate and B is the nascent polynucleotide.
They are classified under EC number 2.7.7 and they can be categorised into:
# Uridylyltransferases, which transfer uridylyl- groups
# Adenylyltransferases, which transfer adenylyl- groups
# Guanylyltransferases, which transfer guanylyl
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the p ...
- groups
# Cytitidylyltransferases, which transfer cytidylyl- groups
# Thymidylyltransferases, which transfer thymidylyl- groups
Role in metabolism
Many metabolic enzymes are modified by nucleotidyltransferases. The attachment of an AMP (adenylylation) or UMP (uridylylation) can activate or inactivate an enzyme or change its specificity (see figure). These modifications can lead to intricate regulatory networks that can finely tuneenzymatic
An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as produc ...
activities so that only the needed compounds are made (here: glutamine).
Role in DNA repair mechanisms
Nucleotidyl transferase is a component of the repair pathway for single nucleotidebase excision repair
Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing small, non-helix-distorting base lesions from t ...
. This repair mechanism begins when a single nucleotide is recognized by DNA glycosylase as incorrectly matched or has been mutated in some way (UV light, chemical mutagen, etc.), and is removed. Later, a nucleotidyl transferase is used to fill in the gap with the correct base, using the template strand
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transc ...
as the reference.
References
External links
* Transferases * {{2.7-enzyme-stub