Noyes Armillary Sphere
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The Noyes Armillary Sphere is a bronze
armillary sphere An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centered on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines o ...
located in
Meridian Hill Park Meridian Hill Park, also known as Malcolm X Park, is an urban park in Washington, D.C., located in the Meridian Hill neighborhood that straddles the border between Adams Morgan and Columbia Heights. The park measures and is bounded by 15th, 1 ...
, a urban park in Washington, D.C. It was the fifth artwork installed in the park and was designed by sculptor
C. Paul Jennewein Carl Paul Jennewein (December 2, 1890 – February 22, 1978) was a German-born American sculptor. Early career Jennewein was born in Stuttgart in Germany. At the age of seventeen, he immigrated to the United States in 1907. He was apprent ...
, whose other works in the city include the Darlington Memorial Fountain and 57 sculptural elements at the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building. Artist Bertha Noyes donated $15,000 toward the project's cost in honor of her deceased sister, Edith. The sphere is sited in the park's
exedra An exedra (: exedras or exedrae) is a semicircular architecture, architectural recess or platform, sometimes crowned by a semi-dome, and either set into a building's façade or free-standing. The original Greek word ''ἐξέδρα'' ('a seat ou ...
, south of the '' Cascading Waterfall'' and reflecting pool. It rests on a granite pedestal designed by Horace Peaslee, an architect who oversaw construction of Meridian Hill Park. Jennewein completed his design of the sculpture in 1931 and a bill accepting it on behalf of the United States was signed into law by President
Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...
the following year. After the sphere was founded by the
Roman Bronze Works Roman Bronze Works, now operated as Roman Bronze Studios, is a bronze foundry in New York City. Established in 1897 by Riccardo Bertelli, it was the first American foundry to specialize in the lost-wax casting method, and was the country's pre-emin ...
company, it remained in New York because of delays in installing the foundation. The sphere was finally dedicated in 1936. During the next few decades, the sphere and some of the park's other sculptures were damaged. In 1973, the sphere was removed by the
National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) is an List of federal agencies in the United States, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, within the US Department of the Interior. The service manages all List ...
(NPS) and placed in a storage facility, where it was either stolen or misplaced. In 2018, the NPS announced an exact replica would be installed in the park. Using old drawings and photographs, Kreilick Conservation LLC created the new sphere which was installed in 2024.


History


Planning

Meridian Hill Park Meridian Hill Park, also known as Malcolm X Park, is an urban park in Washington, D.C., located in the Meridian Hill neighborhood that straddles the border between Adams Morgan and Columbia Heights. The park measures and is bounded by 15th, 1 ...
is a urban park in
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
, located between 15th,
16th 16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. It is the fourth power of two. In English speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are sometimes confused, as they sound similar. Mathematics 16 is the ninth composite number, and a sq ...
, Euclid, and W Streets NW. It was built between 1914 and 1936 as part of the
City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of th ...
and at the behest of
Mary Foote Henderson Mary Foote Henderson (July 21, 1842 – July 16, 1931) was an American author, real estate developer, and social activist from the U.S. state of New York who was known as "The Empress of Sixteenth Street". Henderson was a notable advocate of wom ...
, an activist and real estate developer whose mansion overlooked the park. The park was originally planned by
landscape architect A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water manage ...
George Burnap George Elberton Burnap (December 28, 1885 – June 17, 1938) was an American landscape architect. Born in Massachusetts, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cornell University before being appointed lead architect in the Offi ...
, but after he left the project, architect Horace Peaslee oversaw its completion. Plans for the park included spaces for public art installations. During the 1920s, the ''
Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...
'', ''
Joan of Arc Joan of Arc ( ; ;  – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the Coronation of the French monarch, coronation of Charles VII o ...
'', and '' Serenity'' statues were dedicated. A fourth installation, a memorial to President James Buchanan, was dedicated in 1930. Plans for a fifth art installation in the park was headed by Charles Moore, a city planner who served as chairman of the
United States Commission of Fine Arts The U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, and was established in 1910. The CFA has review (but not approval) authority over the "design and aesthetics" of all construction wit ...
(CFA) from 1915 to 1937. Inspired by
Paul Manship Paul Howard Manship (December 25, 1885 – January 31, 1966) was an American Sculpture, sculptor. He consistently created mythological pieces in a classical style, and was a major force in the Art Deco in the United States, Art Deco movement. ...
's Cochran Armillary located on the campus of
Phillips Academy Phillips Academy (also known as PA, Phillips Academy Andover, or simply Andover) is a Private school, private, Mixed-sex education, co-educational college-preparatory school for Boarding school, boarding and Day school, day students located in ...
in Massachusetts, CFA member and landscape architect
Ferruccio Vitale Ferruccio Vitale (1875-1933) was a landscape architect. Born in Italy, he became a United States citizen in 1921. The historian Terry R. Schnadelbach considered him to be "America's forgotten landscape architect." Life Vitale was born in Floren ...
suggested an
armillary sphere An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centered on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines o ...
be installed on the southern end of the park, below the '' Cascading Waterfall'' and reflecting pool. Chinese astronomers invented armillary spheres around 200 BC. The spheres map
celestial objects An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists within the observable universe. In astronomy, the terms ''object'' and ''body'' are of ...
by using rings to represent principal circles of the heavens. After Moore was informed of the estimated $30,000 cost of Manship's design, the commission was given to sculptor
C. Paul Jennewein Carl Paul Jennewein (December 2, 1890 – February 22, 1978) was a German-born American sculptor. Early career Jennewein was born in Stuttgart in Germany. At the age of seventeen, he immigrated to the United States in 1907. He was apprent ...
, whose design was based on the one by Manship. Examples of Jennewein's works in Washington, D.C., are the Darlington Memorial Fountain in
Judiciary Square Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C., the vast majority of which is occupied by various federal and municipal courthouses and office buildings. Judiciary Square is located roughly between Pennsylvania A ...
, 57 sculptural elements at the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, and two statues at the
Rayburn House Office Building The Rayburn House Office Building (RHOB) is a congressional office building for the U.S. House of Representatives in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C., between South Capitol Street and First Street. Rayburn is named after fo ...
. Peaslee was selected to design the sphere's pedestal. Artist Bertha Noyes paid $15,000 of the project cost in memory of her sister, Edith Noyes, who was an invalid and had died in 1925.


Production and installation

By 1931, Jennewein had completed sculpting the sphere. Due to a limited budget, Jennewein's suggestion that the bronze sculpture be fire gilded and "burnished to a bright color" did not occur. Following its passage in the
United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...
, a resolution to accept the sculpture on behalf of the country was passed by the
United States Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds The U.S. Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds was a committee of the United States Senate from 1883 until 1946. It was preceded by the United States Congress Joint Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds and succeeded by the United S ...
on May 12, 1932. After
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
passed the final bill on June 10, 1932, to accept the sculpture and approve its location, President
Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...
signed the bill into law. In December 1933, CFA members traveled to
Brooklyn Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
to assess the sculpture's progress at the
Roman Bronze Works Roman Bronze Works, now operated as Roman Bronze Studios, is a bronze foundry in New York City. Established in 1897 by Riccardo Bertelli, it was the first American foundry to specialize in the lost-wax casting method, and was the country's pre-emin ...
company. The founding process had taken 14 months and cost $2,800. Although the sphere was ready to be transported to Washington, D.C., there were delays in installing the foundation at the park and the sphere remained in New York. It wasn't until spring 1935 that the foundation was installed, followed by the sphere a few months later. The total cost of the project was $31,199. Work continued on the sphere through the following year. After the inscription "Given to the Federal City, MCMXXXVI, for Edith Noyes" was engraved, the sphere was dedicated on November 10, 1936. A bronze
calibration In measurement technology and metrology, calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. Such a standard could be another measurement device of known ...
plaque, located on a cast iron post by the sphere, was later installed to correct errors with time precision. Decorative armillary spheres were added on top of the wrought-iron fence located on the north end of the park.


Removal and replacement

The sphere and some of the other artworks in the park were sometimes vandalized. The sword on the ''Joan of Arc'' statue was stolen, pieces of the ''Serenity'' statue were removed by hammers, and the sphere was used as a
jungle gym A jungle gym (called a climbing frame in British English) is a piece of playground equipment made of many pieces of material, such as metal pipes or ropes, on which participants can climb, hang, sit, and—in some configurations—slide. Monkey ...
by children. In addition to the damage children did to the sphere, it was possibly vandalized during the 1968 Washington, D.C., riots. In 1973, the sphere was removed by the
National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) is an List of federal agencies in the United States, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, within the US Department of the Interior. The service manages all List ...
(NPS), which has administered Meridian Hill Park since 1933. The NPS placed the sphere in storage to prevent further damage. Plans were made to repair the sphere, but at some point, it was either stolen or misplaced. The sphere's
putto A putto (; plural putti ) is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and very often winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism,Dempsey, Charles. ''Inventing the Renaissance Putto''. University ...
sculpture and the calibration plaque had also been removed, but were accounted for at a storage facility in
Landover, Maryland Landover is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 25,998. Landover is contained between Sheriff Road and Central Avenue to the ...
. The only remaining piece left in the park was the pedestal, which was hidden behind overgrown hedges. The putto, calibration plaque, and pedestal were designated
contributing properties In the law regulating historic districts in the United States, a contributing property or contributing resource is any building, object, or structure which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic distr ...
to Meridian Hill Park's listing as a
National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a National Register of Historic Places property types, building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the Federal government of the United States, United States government f ...
. In 1985, the
Historic American Buildings Survey The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a Typography, typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a star (heraldry), heraldic star. Computer scientists and Mathematici ...
program released a report on Meridian Hill Park, which included details of the missing sphere. This brought attention to its fate, and a few years later, a NPS employee suggested a facsimile be made. The estimated cost of this replica was between $48,000 and $90,000, but due to a lack of funding, the plan did not come to fruition at that time. In the 1990s, NPS official John Parsons offered support for a replica "on its original base to the exact historic scale, design, and specifications". It wasn't until 2004 that a full-scale aluminum mock-up costing $8,840 was made. It too was placed in a Maryland storage facility because the aluminum would have been unsuitable for inclement weather. The NPS announced in 2018 that restorations would be made to Meridian Hill Park beginning the following year. One of these improvements would be a replica of the sphere being installed thanks to a donation by Roger and Susan Gendron. Based on original drawings and photographs of the sphere, Kreilick Conservation LLC used techniques including
computer numerical control Computer numerical control (CNC) or CNC machining is the Automation, automated control of machine tools by a computer. It is an evolution of numerical control (NC), where machine tools are directly managed by data storage media such as punched ...
and
3D modeling In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based Computer representation of surfaces, representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in Three-dimensional space, three dimensions vi ...
to create a replica. The new sphere was installed in November 2024.


Location and design

The sphere is located in the park's
exedra An exedra (: exedras or exedrae) is a semicircular architecture, architectural recess or platform, sometimes crowned by a semi-dome, and either set into a building's façade or free-standing. The original Greek word ''ἐξέδρα'' ('a seat ou ...
, south of the ''Cascading Waterfall'' and reflecting pool. It stands on the
Washington meridian The Washington meridians are four meridians that were used as prime meridians in the United States which pass through Washington, D.C. The four that have been specified are: # through the Capitol # through the White House # through the old Naval ...
that passes through the
White House The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest (Washington, D.C.), NW in Washington, D.C., it has served as the residence of every U.S. president ...
. A wrought iron fence and bushes surround the sphere. It rests on an octagonal green granite pedestal which is tall and features heavy molding. The sphere measures tall, wide, and in circumference. It weighs between and . The sculpture's pedestal features a bronze putto called "Child Greeting the Sun". The winged figure, which is around 18 in (0.46 m) tall and faces south, represents the "birth of each new day". The bronze sphere resembles a
celestial globe Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon, and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated. ...
and is composed of rings inscribed with
relief Relief is a sculpture, sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''wikt:relief, relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give ...
s. The two largest rings represent the
Meridian Meridian or a meridian line (from Latin ''meridies'' via Old French ''meridiane'', meaning “midday”) may refer to Science * Meridian (astronomy), imaginary circle in a plane perpendicular to the planes of the celestial equator and horizon * ...
and
Equator The equator is the circle of latitude that divides Earth into the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Southern Hemispheres of Earth, hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about in circumferen ...
. The equatorial ring features reliefs of
astrological sign In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30-degree sectors that make up ecliptic, Earth's 360-degree orbit around the Sun. The signs enumerate from the first day of spring, known as the First Point of Aries, which is the Equinox (c ...
s on the exterior. On the interior are stars representing nighttime hours and Roman numerals representing hours of the day. A third ring represents the
ecliptic plane The ecliptic or ecliptic plane is the orbital plane of Earth around the Sun. It was a central concept in a number of ancient sciences, providing the framework for key measurements in astronomy, astrology and calendar-making. From the perspec ...
and intersects with the larger rings. There is a small ring on both the north and south sides of the sphere, representing the
North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...
and South Poles. A
gnomon A gnomon (; ) is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow. The term is used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields, typically to measure directions, position, or time. History A painted stick dating from 2300 BC that was ...
arrow that is facing north represents the Earth's axis and casts a shadow on the equatorial ring, allowing visitors to know the local time.


Notes


See also

* List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 1 *
Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C. There are many outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C. In addition to the capital's most famous monuments and memorials, many figures recognized as national heroes (either in government or military) have been posthumously awarded with their own s ...


References

{{reflist 1936 establishments in Washington, D.C. 1936 sculptures 2024 establishments in Washington, D.C. 2024 sculptures Astronomical instruments Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C. Meridian Hill/Malcolm X Park Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C. Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.